diff --git a/runtime/python-executor/datamate/auto_annotation_worker.py b/runtime/python-executor/datamate/auto_annotation_worker.py
index b6bfa01..ae54bf6 100644
--- a/runtime/python-executor/datamate/auto_annotation_worker.py
+++ b/runtime/python-executor/datamate/auto_annotation_worker.py
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ frontend can display real-time status.
 - 失败时将任务标记为 `failed` 并记录 `error_message`。
 
 注意:
-- 为了保持简单，目前不处理 "running" 状态的恢复逻辑；容器重启时，
-  已处于 running 的任务不会被重新拉起，需要后续扩展。
+- 启动时自动恢复心跳超时的 running 任务：未处理文件重置为 pending，
+  已有部分进度的标记为 failed，由用户决定是否手动重试。
 """
 from __future__ import annotations
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import sys
 import threading
 import time
 import uuid
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
 
@@ -126,6 +126,111 @@ DEFAULT_OPERATOR_WHITELIST = os.getenv(
     "LLMTextClassification,LLMNamedEntityRecognition,LLMRelationExtraction",
 )
 
+HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = int(os.getenv("AUTO_ANNOTATION_HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT", "300"))
+
+
+def _recover_stale_running_tasks() -> int:
+    """启动时恢复心跳超时的 running 任务。
+
+    - processed_images = 0 → 重置为 pending（自动重试）
+    - processed_images > 0 → 标记为 failed（需用户干预）
+
+    Returns:
+        恢复的任务数量。
+    """
+    if HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS <= 0:
+        logger.info(
+            "Heartbeat timeout disabled (HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS={}), skipping recovery",
+            HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+        )
+        return 0
+
+    cutoff = datetime.now() - timedelta(seconds=HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
+
+    find_sql = text("""
+        SELECT id, processed_images, total_images, heartbeat_at
+        FROM t_dm_auto_annotation_tasks
+        WHERE status = 'running'
+          AND deleted_at IS NULL
+          AND (heartbeat_at IS NULL OR heartbeat_at < :cutoff)
+    """)
+
+    with SQLManager.create_connect() as conn:
+        rows = conn.execute(find_sql, {"cutoff": cutoff}).fetchall()
+
+    if not rows:
+        return 0
+
+    recovered = 0
+    for row in rows:
+        task_id = row[0]
+        processed = row[1] or 0
+        total = row[2] or 0
+        heartbeat = row[3]
+
+        try:
+            if processed == 0:
+                # 未开始处理，重置为 pending 自动重试
+                reset_sql = text("""
+                    UPDATE t_dm_auto_annotation_tasks
+                    SET status = 'pending',
+                        run_token = NULL,
+                        heartbeat_at = NULL,
+                        started_at = NULL,
+                        error_message = NULL,
+                        updated_at = :now
+                    WHERE id = :task_id AND status = 'running'
+                """)
+                with SQLManager.create_connect() as conn:
+                    result = conn.execute(
+                        reset_sql, {"task_id": task_id, "now": datetime.now()}
+                    )
+                    if int(getattr(result, "rowcount", 0) or 0) > 0:
+                        recovered += 1
+                        logger.info(
+                            "Recovered stale task {} -> pending (no progress, heartbeat={})",
+                            task_id,
+                            heartbeat,
+                        )
+            else:
+                # 已有部分进度，标记为 failed
+                error_msg = (
+                    f"Worker 心跳超时（上次心跳: {heartbeat}，"
+                    f"超时阈值: {HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS}秒）。"
+                    f"已处理 {processed}/{total} 个文件。请检查后手动重试。"
+                )
+                fail_sql = text("""
+                    UPDATE t_dm_auto_annotation_tasks
+                    SET status = 'failed',
+                        run_token = NULL,
+                        error_message = :error_message,
+                        completed_at = :now,
+                        updated_at = :now
+                    WHERE id = :task_id AND status = 'running'
+                """)
+                with SQLManager.create_connect() as conn:
+                    result = conn.execute(
+                        fail_sql,
+                        {
+                            "task_id": task_id,
+                            "error_message": error_msg[:2000],
+                            "now": datetime.now(),
+                        },
+                    )
+                    if int(getattr(result, "rowcount", 0) or 0) > 0:
+                        recovered += 1
+                        logger.warning(
+                            "Recovered stale task {} -> failed (processed {}/{}, heartbeat={})",
+                            task_id,
+                            processed,
+                            total,
+                            heartbeat,
+                        )
+        except Exception as exc:
+            logger.error("Failed to recover stale task {}: {}", task_id, exc)
+
+    return recovered
+
 
 def _fetch_pending_task() -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
     """原子 claim 一个 pending 任务并返回任务详情。"""
@@ -1263,6 +1368,14 @@ def _worker_loop() -> None:
         DEFAULT_OUTPUT_ROOT,
     )
 
+    # --- 启动时恢复心跳超时的 running 任务 ---
+    try:
+        recovered = _recover_stale_running_tasks()
+        if recovered > 0:
+            logger.info("Recovered {} stale running task(s) on startup", recovered)
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error("Failed to run startup task recovery: {}", e)
+
     while True:
         try:
             task = _fetch_pending_task()