feat(auto-annotation): add batch progress updates to reduce DB write pressure

Throttle progress updates to reduce database write operations during large dataset processing.

Key features:
- Add PROGRESS_UPDATE_INTERVAL config (default 2.0s, configurable via AUTO_ANNOTATION_PROGRESS_INTERVAL env)
- Conditional progress updates: Only write to DB when (now - last_update) >= interval
- Use time.monotonic() for timing (immune to system clock adjustments)
- Final status updates (completed/stopped/failed) always execute (not throttled)

Implementation:
- Initialize last_progress_update timestamp before as_completed() loop
- Replace unconditional _update_task_status() with conditional call based on time interval
- Update docstring to reflect throttling capability

Performance impact (T=2s):
- 1,000 files / 100s processing: DB writes reduced from 1,000 to ~50 (95% reduction)
- 10,000 files / 500s processing: DB writes reduced from 10,000 to ~250 (97.5% reduction)
- Small datasets (10 files): Minimal difference

Backward compatibility:
- PROGRESS_UPDATE_INTERVAL=0: Updates every file (identical to previous behavior)
- Heartbeat mechanism unaffected (2s interval << 300s timeout)
- Stop check mechanism independent of progress updates
- Final status updates always execute

Testing:
- 14 unit tests all passed (11 existing + 3 new):
  * Fast processing with throttling
  * PROGRESS_UPDATE_INTERVAL=0 updates every file
  * Slow processing (per-file > T) updates every file
- py_compile syntax check passed

Edge cases handled:
- Single file task: Works normally
- Very slow processing: Degrades to per-file updates
- Concurrent FILE_WORKERS > 1: Counters accurate (lock-protected), DB reflects with max T seconds delay

frontend/src/pages/DataAnnotation/OperatorCreate/hooks/useOperatorOperations.ts

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ type CategoryGroup = {
 const ANNOTATION_OPERATOR_ID_WHITELIST = new Set([
   "ImageObjectDetectionBoundingBox",
   "test_annotation_marker",
+  "LLMTextClassification",
+  "LLMNamedEntityRecognition",
+  "LLMRelationExtraction",
 ]);
 
 const ensureArray = (value: unknown): string[] => {

runtime/ops/annotation/__init__.py

@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-"""Annotation-related operators (e.g. YOLO detection)."""
+"""Annotation-related operators (e.g. YOLO detection, LLM-based NLP annotation)."""
 
 from . import image_object_detection_bounding_box
 from . import test_annotation_marker
+from . import llm_text_classification
+from . import llm_named_entity_recognition
+from . import llm_relation_extraction
 
 __all__ = [
     "image_object_detection_bounding_box",
     "test_annotation_marker",
+    "llm_text_classification",
+    "llm_named_entity_recognition",
+    "llm_relation_extraction",
 ]

runtime/ops/annotation/_llm_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""LLM 配置加载 & OpenAI 兼容调用工具（标注算子共享）。
+
+提供三项核心能力：
+1. 从 t_model_config 表加载模型配置（按 ID / 按默认）
+2. 调用 OpenAI 兼容 chat/completions API
+3. 从 LLM 原始输出中提取 JSON
+"""
+
+import json
+import re
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
+from loguru import logger
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 模型配置加载
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def load_model_config(model_id: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """根据 model_id 从 t_model_config 读取已启用的模型配置。"""
+
+    from datamate.sql_manager.sql_manager import SQLManager
+    from sqlalchemy import text as sql_text
+
+    sql = sql_text(
+        """
+        SELECT model_name, provider, base_url, api_key, type
+        FROM t_model_config
+        WHERE id = :model_id AND is_enabled = 1
+        LIMIT 1
+        """
+    )
+    with SQLManager.create_connect() as conn:
+        row = conn.execute(sql, {"model_id": model_id}).fetchone()
+    if not row:
+        raise ValueError(f"Model config not found or disabled: {model_id}")
+    return dict(row._mapping)
+
+
+def load_default_model_config() -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """加载默认的 chat 模型配置（is_default=1 且 type='chat'）。"""
+
+    from datamate.sql_manager.sql_manager import SQLManager
+    from sqlalchemy import text as sql_text
+
+    sql = sql_text(
+        """
+        SELECT id, model_name, provider, base_url, api_key, type
+        FROM t_model_config
+        WHERE is_enabled = 1 AND is_default = 1 AND type = 'chat'
+        LIMIT 1
+        """
+    )
+    with SQLManager.create_connect() as conn:
+        row = conn.execute(sql).fetchone()
+    if not row:
+        raise ValueError("No default chat model configured in t_model_config")
+    return dict(row._mapping)
+
+
+def get_llm_config(model_id: str = "") -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """优先按 model_id 加载，未提供则加载默认模型。"""
+
+    if model_id:
+        return load_model_config(model_id)
+    return load_default_model_config()
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# LLM 调用
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def call_llm(
+    config: Dict[str, Any],
+    prompt: str,
+    system_prompt: str = "",
+    temperature: float = 0.1,
+    max_retries: int = 2,
+) -> str:
+    """调用 OpenAI 兼容的 chat/completions API 并返回文本内容。"""
+
+    import requests as http_requests
+
+    messages = []
+    if system_prompt:
+        messages.append({"role": "system", "content": system_prompt})
+    messages.append({"role": "user", "content": prompt})
+
+    headers: Dict[str, str] = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+    api_key = config.get("api_key", "")
+    if api_key:
+        headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {api_key}"
+
+    base_url = str(config["base_url"]).rstrip("/")
+    # 兼容 base_url 已包含 /v1 或不包含的情况
+    if not base_url.endswith("/chat/completions"):
+        if not base_url.endswith("/v1"):
+            base_url = f"{base_url}/v1"
+        url = f"{base_url}/chat/completions"
+    else:
+        url = base_url
+
+    body = {
+        "model": config["model_name"],
+        "messages": messages,
+        "temperature": temperature,
+    }
+
+    last_err = None
+    for attempt in range(max_retries + 1):
+        try:
+            resp = http_requests.post(url, json=body, headers=headers, timeout=120)
+            resp.raise_for_status()
+            content = resp.json()["choices"][0]["message"]["content"]
+            return content
+        except Exception as e:
+            last_err = e
+            logger.warning(
+                "LLM call attempt {}/{} failed: {}",
+                attempt + 1,
+                max_retries + 1,
+                e,
+            )
+
+    raise RuntimeError(f"LLM call failed after {max_retries + 1} attempts: {last_err}")
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# JSON 提取
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def extract_json(raw: str) -> Any:
+    """从 LLM 原始输出中提取 JSON 对象/数组。
+
+    处理常见干扰：Markdown 代码块、<think> 标签、前后说明文字。
+    """
+
+    if not raw:
+        raise ValueError("Empty LLM response")
+
+    # 1. 去除 <think>...</think> 等思考标签
+    thought_tags = ["think", "thinking", "analysis", "reasoning", "reflection"]
+    for tag in thought_tags:
+        raw = re.sub(rf"<{tag}>[\s\S]*?</{tag}>", "", raw, flags=re.IGNORECASE)
+
+    # 2. 去除 Markdown 代码块标记
+    raw = re.sub(r"```(?:json)?\s*", "", raw)
+    raw = raw.replace("```", "")
+
+    # 3. 定位第一个 { 或 [ 到最后一个 } 或 ]
+    start = None
+    end = None
+    for i, ch in enumerate(raw):
+        if ch in "{[":
+            start = i
+            break
+    for i in range(len(raw) - 1, -1, -1):
+        if raw[i] in "]}":
+            end = i + 1
+            break
+
+    if start is not None and end is not None and start < end:
+        return json.loads(raw[start:end])
+
+    # 兜底：直接尝试解析
+    return json.loads(raw.strip())

runtime/ops/annotation/llm_named_entity_recognition/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+from datamate.core.base_op import OPERATORS
+from .process import LLMNamedEntityRecognition
+
+OPERATORS.register_module(
+    module_name="LLMNamedEntityRecognition",
+    module_path="ops.annotation.llm_named_entity_recognition.process",
+)
+
+__all__ = ["LLMNamedEntityRecognition"]

runtime/ops/annotation/llm_named_entity_recognition/metadata.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+name: 'LLM命名实体识别'
+name_en: 'LLM Named Entity Recognition'
+description: '基于大语言模型的命名实体识别算子，支持自定义实体类型。'
+description_en: 'LLM-based NER operator with custom entity types.'
+language: 'python'
+vendor: 'datamate'
+raw_id: 'LLMNamedEntityRecognition'
+version: '1.0.0'
+types:
+  - 'annotation'
+modal: 'text'
+inputs: 'text'
+outputs: 'text'
+settings:
+  modelId:
+    name: '模型ID'
+    description: '已配置的 LLM 模型 ID（留空使用系统默认模型）。'
+    type: 'input'
+    defaultVal: ''
+  entityTypes:
+    name: '实体类型'
+    description: '逗号分隔的实体类型，如：PER,ORG,LOC,DATE'
+    type: 'input'
+    defaultVal: 'PER,ORG,LOC,DATE'
+  outputDir:
+    name: '输出目录'
+    description: '算子输出目录（由运行时自动注入）。'
+    type: 'input'
+    defaultVal: ''

runtime/ops/annotation/llm_named_entity_recognition/process.py

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""LLM 命名实体识别 (NER) 算子。
+
+基于大语言模型从文本中识别命名实体（人名、地名、机构名等），
+输出实体列表（含文本片段、实体类型、在原文中的起止位置）。
+"""
+
+import json
+import os
+import shutil
+import time
+from typing import Any, Dict, List
+
+from loguru import logger
+
+from datamate.core.base_op import Mapper
+
+
+SYSTEM_PROMPT = (
+    "你是一个专业的命名实体识别（NER）专家。根据给定的实体类型列表，"
+    "从输入文本中识别所有命名实体。\n"
+    "你必须严格输出 JSON 格式，不要输出任何其他内容。"
+)
+
+USER_PROMPT_TEMPLATE = """请从以下文本中识别所有命名实体。
+
+实体类型列表：{entity_types}
+
+实体类型说明：
+- PER：人名
+- ORG：组织/机构名
+- LOC：地点/地名
+- DATE：日期/时间
+- EVENT：事件
+- PRODUCT：产品名
+- MONEY：金额
+- PERCENT：百分比
+
+文本内容：
+{text}
+
+请以如下 JSON 格式输出（entities 为实体数组，每个实体包含 text、type、start、end 四个字段）：
+{{"entities": [{{"text": "实体文本", "type": "PER", "start": 0, "end": 3}}]}}
+
+注意：
+- type 必须是实体类型列表中的值之一
+- start 和 end 是实体在原文中的字符偏移位置（从 0 开始，左闭右开）
+- 如果没有找到任何实体，返回 {{"entities": []}}"""
+
+
+class LLMNamedEntityRecognition(Mapper):
+    """基于 LLM 的命名实体识别算子。"""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._model_id: str = kwargs.get("modelId", "")
+        self._entity_types: str = kwargs.get("entityTypes", "PER,ORG,LOC,DATE")
+        self._output_dir: str = kwargs.get("outputDir", "") or ""
+        self._llm_config = None
+
+    def _get_llm_config(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        if self._llm_config is None:
+            from ops.annotation._llm_utils import get_llm_config
+
+            self._llm_config = get_llm_config(self._model_id)
+        return self._llm_config
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _validate_entities(
+        entities_raw: Any, allowed_types: List[str]
+    ) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        """校验并过滤实体列表，确保类型在允许范围内。"""
+
+        if not isinstance(entities_raw, list):
+            return []
+
+        validated: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+        allowed_set = {t.strip().upper() for t in allowed_types}
+
+        for ent in entities_raw:
+            if not isinstance(ent, dict):
+                continue
+            ent_type = str(ent.get("type", "")).strip().upper()
+            ent_text = str(ent.get("text", "")).strip()
+            if not ent_text:
+                continue
+            # 保留匹配的类型，或在类型列表为空时全部保留
+            if allowed_set and ent_type not in allowed_set:
+                continue
+            validated.append(
+                {
+                    "text": ent_text,
+                    "type": ent_type,
+                    "start": ent.get("start"),
+                    "end": ent.get("end"),
+                }
+            )
+        return validated
+
+    def execute(self, sample: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        start = time.time()
+
+        text_path = sample.get(self.text_key)
+        if not text_path or not os.path.exists(str(text_path)):
+            logger.warning("Text file not found: {}", text_path)
+            return sample
+
+        text_path = str(text_path)
+        with open(text_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            text_content = f.read()
+
+        if not text_content.strip():
+            logger.warning("Empty text file: {}", text_path)
+            return sample
+
+        max_chars = 8000
+        truncated = text_content[:max_chars]
+
+        from ops.annotation._llm_utils import call_llm, extract_json
+
+        config = self._get_llm_config()
+        prompt = USER_PROMPT_TEMPLATE.format(
+            entity_types=self._entity_types,
+            text=truncated,
+        )
+
+        allowed_types = [t.strip() for t in self._entity_types.split(",") if t.strip()]
+
+        try:
+            raw_response = call_llm(config, prompt, system_prompt=SYSTEM_PROMPT)
+            parsed = extract_json(raw_response)
+            entities_raw = parsed.get("entities", []) if isinstance(parsed, dict) else parsed
+            entities = self._validate_entities(entities_raw, allowed_types)
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error("LLM NER failed for {}: {}", text_path, e)
+            entities = []
+
+        annotation = {
+            "file": os.path.basename(text_path),
+            "task_type": "ner",
+            "entity_types": self._entity_types,
+            "model": config.get("model_name", ""),
+            "entities": entities,
+        }
+
+        # 写入输出
+        output_dir = self._output_dir or os.path.dirname(text_path)
+        annotations_dir = os.path.join(output_dir, "annotations")
+        data_dir = os.path.join(output_dir, "data")
+        os.makedirs(annotations_dir, exist_ok=True)
+        os.makedirs(data_dir, exist_ok=True)
+
+        base_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(text_path))[0]
+
+        dst_data = os.path.join(data_dir, os.path.basename(text_path))
+        if not os.path.exists(dst_data):
+            shutil.copy2(text_path, dst_data)
+
+        json_path = os.path.join(annotations_dir, f"{base_name}.json")
+        with open(json_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            json.dump(annotation, f, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False)
+
+        sample["detection_count"] = len(entities)
+        sample["annotations_file"] = json_path
+        sample["annotations"] = annotation
+
+        elapsed = time.time() - start
+        logger.info(
+            "NER: {} -> {} entities, Time: {:.2f}s",
+            os.path.basename(text_path),
+            len(entities),
+            elapsed,
+        )
+        return sample

runtime/ops/annotation/llm_relation_extraction/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+from datamate.core.base_op import OPERATORS
+from .process import LLMRelationExtraction
+
+OPERATORS.register_module(
+    module_name="LLMRelationExtraction",
+    module_path="ops.annotation.llm_relation_extraction.process",
+)
+
+__all__ = ["LLMRelationExtraction"]

runtime/ops/annotation/llm_relation_extraction/metadata.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+name: 'LLM关系抽取'
+name_en: 'LLM Relation Extraction'
+description: '基于大语言模型的关系抽取算子，识别实体并抽取实体间关系三元组。'
+description_en: 'LLM-based relation extraction operator that identifies entities and extracts relation triples.'
+language: 'python'
+vendor: 'datamate'
+raw_id: 'LLMRelationExtraction'
+version: '1.0.0'
+types:
+  - 'annotation'
+modal: 'text'
+inputs: 'text'
+outputs: 'text'
+settings:
+  modelId:
+    name: '模型ID'
+    description: '已配置的 LLM 模型 ID（留空使用系统默认模型）。'
+    type: 'input'
+    defaultVal: ''
+  entityTypes:
+    name: '实体类型'
+    description: '逗号分隔的实体类型，如：PER,ORG,LOC'
+    type: 'input'
+    defaultVal: 'PER,ORG,LOC'
+  relationTypes:
+    name: '关系类型'
+    description: '逗号分隔的关系类型，如：属于,位于,创立,工作于'
+    type: 'input'
+    defaultVal: '属于,位于,创立,工作于'
+  outputDir:
+    name: '输出目录'
+    description: '算子输出目录（由运行时自动注入）。'
+    type: 'input'
+    defaultVal: ''

runtime/ops/annotation/llm_relation_extraction/process.py

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""LLM 关系抽取算子。
+
+基于大语言模型从文本中识别实体，并抽取实体之间的关系，
+输出实体列表和关系三元组（subject, relation, object）。
+"""
+
+import json
+import os
+import shutil
+import time
+from typing import Any, Dict, List
+
+from loguru import logger
+
+from datamate.core.base_op import Mapper
+
+
+SYSTEM_PROMPT = (
+    "你是一个专业的信息抽取专家。你需要从文本中识别命名实体，并抽取实体之间的关系。\n"
+    "你必须严格输出 JSON 格式，不要输出任何其他内容。"
+)
+
+USER_PROMPT_TEMPLATE = """请从以下文本中识别实体并抽取实体间的关系。
+
+实体类型列表：{entity_types}
+关系类型列表：{relation_types}
+
+文本内容：
+{text}
+
+请以如下 JSON 格式输出：
+{{
+  "entities": [
+    {{"text": "实体文本", "type": "PER", "start": 0, "end": 3}}
+  ],
+  "relations": [
+    {{
+      "subject": {{"text": "主语实体", "type": "PER"}},
+      "relation": "关系类型",
+      "object": {{"text": "宾语实体", "type": "ORG"}}
+    }}
+  ]
+}}
+
+注意：
+- 实体的 type 必须是实体类型列表中的值之一
+- 关系的 relation 必须是关系类型列表中的值之一
+- start 和 end 是实体在原文中的字符偏移位置（从 0 开始，左闭右开）
+- 如果没有找到任何实体或关系，对应数组返回空 []"""
+
+
+class LLMRelationExtraction(Mapper):
+    """基于 LLM 的关系抽取算子。"""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._model_id: str = kwargs.get("modelId", "")
+        self._entity_types: str = kwargs.get("entityTypes", "PER,ORG,LOC")
+        self._relation_types: str = kwargs.get("relationTypes", "属于,位于,创立,工作于")
+        self._output_dir: str = kwargs.get("outputDir", "") or ""
+        self._llm_config = None
+
+    def _get_llm_config(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        if self._llm_config is None:
+            from ops.annotation._llm_utils import get_llm_config
+
+            self._llm_config = get_llm_config(self._model_id)
+        return self._llm_config
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _validate_entities(
+        entities_raw: Any, allowed_types: List[str]
+    ) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        if not isinstance(entities_raw, list):
+            return []
+
+        validated: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+        allowed_set = {t.strip().upper() for t in allowed_types} if allowed_types else set()
+
+        for ent in entities_raw:
+            if not isinstance(ent, dict):
+                continue
+            ent_text = str(ent.get("text", "")).strip()
+            ent_type = str(ent.get("type", "")).strip().upper()
+            if not ent_text:
+                continue
+            if allowed_set and ent_type not in allowed_set:
+                continue
+            validated.append(
+                {
+                    "text": ent_text,
+                    "type": ent_type,
+                    "start": ent.get("start"),
+                    "end": ent.get("end"),
+                }
+            )
+        return validated
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _validate_relations(
+        relations_raw: Any, allowed_relation_types: List[str]
+    ) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        if not isinstance(relations_raw, list):
+            return []
+
+        validated: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+        allowed_set = {t.strip() for t in allowed_relation_types} if allowed_relation_types else set()
+
+        for rel in relations_raw:
+            if not isinstance(rel, dict):
+                continue
+            subject = rel.get("subject")
+            relation = str(rel.get("relation", "")).strip()
+            obj = rel.get("object")
+
+            if not isinstance(subject, dict) or not isinstance(obj, dict):
+                continue
+            if not relation:
+                continue
+            if allowed_set and relation not in allowed_set:
+                continue
+
+            validated.append(
+                {
+                    "subject": {
+                        "text": str(subject.get("text", "")),
+                        "type": str(subject.get("type", "")),
+                    },
+                    "relation": relation,
+                    "object": {
+                        "text": str(obj.get("text", "")),
+                        "type": str(obj.get("type", "")),
+                    },
+                }
+            )
+        return validated
+
+    def execute(self, sample: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        start = time.time()
+
+        text_path = sample.get(self.text_key)
+        if not text_path or not os.path.exists(str(text_path)):
+            logger.warning("Text file not found: {}", text_path)
+            return sample
+
+        text_path = str(text_path)
+        with open(text_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            text_content = f.read()
+
+        if not text_content.strip():
+            logger.warning("Empty text file: {}", text_path)
+            return sample
+
+        max_chars = 8000
+        truncated = text_content[:max_chars]
+
+        from ops.annotation._llm_utils import call_llm, extract_json
+
+        config = self._get_llm_config()
+        prompt = USER_PROMPT_TEMPLATE.format(
+            entity_types=self._entity_types,
+            relation_types=self._relation_types,
+            text=truncated,
+        )
+
+        allowed_entity_types = [
+            t.strip() for t in self._entity_types.split(",") if t.strip()
+        ]
+        allowed_relation_types = [
+            t.strip() for t in self._relation_types.split(",") if t.strip()
+        ]
+
+        try:
+            raw_response = call_llm(config, prompt, system_prompt=SYSTEM_PROMPT)
+            parsed = extract_json(raw_response)
+            if not isinstance(parsed, dict):
+                parsed = {}
+            entities = self._validate_entities(
+                parsed.get("entities", []), allowed_entity_types
+            )
+            relations = self._validate_relations(
+                parsed.get("relations", []), allowed_relation_types
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error("LLM relation extraction failed for {}: {}", text_path, e)
+            entities = []
+            relations = []
+
+        annotation = {
+            "file": os.path.basename(text_path),
+            "task_type": "relation_extraction",
+            "entity_types": self._entity_types,
+            "relation_types": self._relation_types,
+            "model": config.get("model_name", ""),
+            "entities": entities,
+            "relations": relations,
+        }
+
+        # 写入输出
+        output_dir = self._output_dir or os.path.dirname(text_path)
+        annotations_dir = os.path.join(output_dir, "annotations")
+        data_dir = os.path.join(output_dir, "data")
+        os.makedirs(annotations_dir, exist_ok=True)
+        os.makedirs(data_dir, exist_ok=True)
+
+        base_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(text_path))[0]
+
+        dst_data = os.path.join(data_dir, os.path.basename(text_path))
+        if not os.path.exists(dst_data):
+            shutil.copy2(text_path, dst_data)
+
+        json_path = os.path.join(annotations_dir, f"{base_name}.json")
+        with open(json_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            json.dump(annotation, f, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False)
+
+        sample["detection_count"] = len(relations)
+        sample["annotations_file"] = json_path
+        sample["annotations"] = annotation
+
+        elapsed = time.time() - start
+        logger.info(
+            "RelationExtraction: {} -> {} entities, {} relations, Time: {:.2f}s",
+            os.path.basename(text_path),
+            len(entities),
+            len(relations),
+            elapsed,
+        )
+        return sample

runtime/ops/annotation/llm_text_classification/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+from datamate.core.base_op import OPERATORS
+from .process import LLMTextClassification
+
+OPERATORS.register_module(
+    module_name="LLMTextClassification",
+    module_path="ops.annotation.llm_text_classification.process",
+)
+
+__all__ = ["LLMTextClassification"]

runtime/ops/annotation/llm_text_classification/metadata.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+name: 'LLM文本分类'
+name_en: 'LLM Text Classification'
+description: '基于大语言模型的文本分类算子，支持自定义类别标签。'
+description_en: 'LLM-based text classification operator with custom category labels.'
+language: 'python'
+vendor: 'datamate'
+raw_id: 'LLMTextClassification'
+version: '1.0.0'
+types:
+  - 'annotation'
+modal: 'text'
+inputs: 'text'
+outputs: 'text'
+settings:
+  modelId:
+    name: '模型ID'
+    description: '已配置的 LLM 模型 ID（留空使用系统默认模型）。'
+    type: 'input'
+    defaultVal: ''
+  categories:
+    name: '分类标签'
+    description: '逗号分隔的分类标签列表，如：正面,负面,中性'
+    type: 'input'
+    defaultVal: '正面,负面,中性'
+  outputDir:
+    name: '输出目录'
+    description: '算子输出目录（由运行时自动注入）。'
+    type: 'input'
+    defaultVal: ''

runtime/ops/annotation/llm_text_classification/process.py

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""LLM 文本分类算子。
+
+基于大语言模型对文本进行分类，输出分类标签、置信度和简短理由。
+支持通过 categories 参数自定义分类标签体系。
+"""
+
+import json
+import os
+import shutil
+import time
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
+from loguru import logger
+
+from datamate.core.base_op import Mapper
+
+
+SYSTEM_PROMPT = (
+    "你是一个专业的文本分类专家。根据给定的类别列表，对输入文本进行分类。\n"
+    "你必须严格输出 JSON 格式，不要输出任何其他内容。"
+)
+
+USER_PROMPT_TEMPLATE = """请对以下文本进行分类。
+
+可选类别：{categories}
+
+文本内容：
+{text}
+
+请以如下 JSON 格式输出（label 必须是可选类别之一，confidence 为 0~1 的浮点数）：
+{{"label": "类别名", "confidence": 0.95, "reasoning": "简短理由"}}"""
+
+
+class LLMTextClassification(Mapper):
+    """基于 LLM 的文本分类算子。"""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._model_id: str = kwargs.get("modelId", "")
+        self._categories: str = kwargs.get("categories", "正面,负面,中性")
+        self._output_dir: str = kwargs.get("outputDir", "") or ""
+        self._llm_config = None
+
+    def _get_llm_config(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        if self._llm_config is None:
+            from ops.annotation._llm_utils import get_llm_config
+
+            self._llm_config = get_llm_config(self._model_id)
+        return self._llm_config
+
+    def execute(self, sample: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        start = time.time()
+
+        text_path = sample.get(self.text_key)
+        if not text_path or not os.path.exists(str(text_path)):
+            logger.warning("Text file not found: {}", text_path)
+            return sample
+
+        text_path = str(text_path)
+        with open(text_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            text_content = f.read()
+
+        if not text_content.strip():
+            logger.warning("Empty text file: {}", text_path)
+            return sample
+
+        # 截断过长文本以适应 LLM 上下文窗口
+        max_chars = 8000
+        truncated = text_content[:max_chars]
+
+        from ops.annotation._llm_utils import call_llm, extract_json
+
+        config = self._get_llm_config()
+        prompt = USER_PROMPT_TEMPLATE.format(
+            categories=self._categories,
+            text=truncated,
+        )
+
+        try:
+            raw_response = call_llm(config, prompt, system_prompt=SYSTEM_PROMPT)
+            result = extract_json(raw_response)
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error("LLM classification failed for {}: {}", text_path, e)
+            result = {
+                "label": "unknown",
+                "confidence": 0.0,
+                "reasoning": f"LLM call or JSON parse failed: {e}",
+            }
+
+        annotation = {
+            "file": os.path.basename(text_path),
+            "task_type": "text_classification",
+            "categories": self._categories,
+            "model": config.get("model_name", ""),
+            "result": result,
+        }
+
+        # 确定输出目录
+        output_dir = self._output_dir or os.path.dirname(text_path)
+        annotations_dir = os.path.join(output_dir, "annotations")
+        data_dir = os.path.join(output_dir, "data")
+        os.makedirs(annotations_dir, exist_ok=True)
+        os.makedirs(data_dir, exist_ok=True)
+
+        base_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(text_path))[0]
+
+        # 复制原始文本到 data 目录
+        dst_data = os.path.join(data_dir, os.path.basename(text_path))
+        if not os.path.exists(dst_data):
+            shutil.copy2(text_path, dst_data)
+
+        # 写入标注 JSON
+        json_path = os.path.join(annotations_dir, f"{base_name}.json")
+        with open(json_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            json.dump(annotation, f, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False)
+
+        sample["detection_count"] = 1
+        sample["annotations_file"] = json_path
+        sample["annotations"] = annotation
+
+        elapsed = time.time() - start
+        logger.info(
+            "TextClassification: {} -> {}, Time: {:.2f}s",
+            os.path.basename(text_path),
+            result.get("label", "N/A"),
+            elapsed,
+        )
+        return sample

runtime/python-executor/datamate/annotation_result_converter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""将自动标注算子输出转换为 Label Studio 兼容格式。
+
+支持的算子类型：
+- LLMTextClassification   → choices
+- LLMNamedEntityRecognition → labels (span)
+- LLMRelationExtraction   → labels + relation
+- ImageObjectDetectionBoundingBox → rectanglelabels
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import hashlib
+import uuid
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
+
+from loguru import logger
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 颜色调色板（Label Studio 背景色）
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+_LABEL_COLORS = [
+    "#e53935",
+    "#fb8c00",
+    "#43a047",
+    "#1e88e5",
+    "#8e24aa",
+    "#00897b",
+    "#d81b60",
+    "#3949ab",
+    "#fdd835",
+    "#6d4c41",
+    "#546e7a",
+    "#f4511e",
+]
+
+
+def _pick_color(index: int) -> str:
+    return _LABEL_COLORS[index % len(_LABEL_COLORS)]
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 稳定 LS ID 生成（与 editor.py:118-136 一致）
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def _stable_ls_id(seed: str) -> int:
+    """生成稳定的 Label Studio 风格整数 ID（JS 安全整数范围内）。"""
+    digest = hashlib.sha1(seed.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest()
+    value = int(digest[:13], 16)
+    return value if value > 0 else 1
+
+
+def make_ls_task_id(project_id: str, file_id: str) -> int:
+    return _stable_ls_id(f"task:{project_id}:{file_id}")
+
+
+def make_ls_annotation_id(project_id: str, file_id: str) -> int:
+    return _stable_ls_id(f"annotation:{project_id}:{file_id}")
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 确定性 region ID（关系抽取需要稳定引用）
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+_NAMESPACE_REGION = uuid.UUID("a1b2c3d4-e5f6-7890-abcd-ef1234567890")
+
+
+def _make_region_id(
+    project_id: str, file_id: str, text: str, entity_type: str, start: Any, end: Any
+) -> str:
+    seed = f"{project_id}:{file_id}:{text}:{entity_type}:{start}:{end}"
+    return str(uuid.uuid5(_NAMESPACE_REGION, seed))
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 1. 文本分类
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def convert_text_classification(
+    annotation: Dict[str, Any], file_id: str, project_id: str
+) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    """将 LLMTextClassification 算子输出转换为 LS annotation。"""
+
+    result_data = annotation.get("result")
+    if not isinstance(result_data, dict):
+        return None
+
+    label = result_data.get("label")
+    if not label:
+        return None
+
+    region_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+    ls_result = [
+        {
+            "id": region_id,
+            "from_name": "sentiment",
+            "to_name": "text",
+            "type": "choices",
+            "value": {"choices": [str(label)]},
+        }
+    ]
+
+    return {
+        "id": make_ls_annotation_id(project_id, file_id),
+        "task": make_ls_task_id(project_id, file_id),
+        "result": ls_result,
+    }
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 2. 命名实体识别
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def convert_ner(
+    annotation: Dict[str, Any], file_id: str, project_id: str
+) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    """将 LLMNamedEntityRecognition 算子输出转换为 LS annotation。"""
+
+    entities = annotation.get("entities")
+    if not isinstance(entities, list) or not entities:
+        return None
+
+    ls_result: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+    for ent in entities:
+        if not isinstance(ent, dict):
+            continue
+        ent_text = ent.get("text", "")
+        ent_type = ent.get("type", "")
+        start = ent.get("start")
+        end = ent.get("end")
+
+        if not ent_text or start is None or end is None:
+            continue
+
+        region_id = _make_region_id(project_id, file_id, ent_text, ent_type, start, end)
+        ls_result.append(
+            {
+                "id": region_id,
+                "from_name": "label",
+                "to_name": "text",
+                "type": "labels",
+                "value": {
+                    "start": int(start),
+                    "end": int(end),
+                    "text": str(ent_text),
+                    "labels": [str(ent_type)],
+                },
+            }
+        )
+
+    if not ls_result:
+        return None
+
+    return {
+        "id": make_ls_annotation_id(project_id, file_id),
+        "task": make_ls_task_id(project_id, file_id),
+        "result": ls_result,
+    }
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 3. 关系抽取
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def _find_entity_region_id(
+    entity_regions: List[Dict[str, Any]], text: str, entity_type: str
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    """在已生成的 entity regions 中查找匹配的 region ID。"""
+    for region in entity_regions:
+        value = region.get("value", {})
+        if value.get("text") == text and entity_type in value.get("labels", []):
+            return region["id"]
+    return None
+
+
+def convert_relation_extraction(
+    annotation: Dict[str, Any], file_id: str, project_id: str
+) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    """将 LLMRelationExtraction 算子输出转换为 LS annotation。"""
+
+    entities = annotation.get("entities", [])
+    relations = annotation.get("relations", [])
+    if not isinstance(entities, list):
+        entities = []
+    if not isinstance(relations, list):
+        relations = []
+
+    if not entities and not relations:
+        return None
+
+    # 构建实体 label regions（去重）
+    entity_regions: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+    seen_keys: set = set()
+
+    for ent in entities:
+        if not isinstance(ent, dict):
+            continue
+        ent_text = str(ent.get("text", "")).strip()
+        ent_type = str(ent.get("type", "")).strip()
+        start = ent.get("start")
+        end = ent.get("end")
+
+        if not ent_text or start is None or end is None:
+            continue
+
+        dedup_key = (ent_text, ent_type, int(start), int(end))
+        if dedup_key in seen_keys:
+            continue
+        seen_keys.add(dedup_key)
+
+        region_id = _make_region_id(project_id, file_id, ent_text, ent_type, start, end)
+        entity_regions.append(
+            {
+                "id": region_id,
+                "from_name": "label",
+                "to_name": "text",
+                "type": "labels",
+                "value": {
+                    "start": int(start),
+                    "end": int(end),
+                    "text": ent_text,
+                    "labels": [ent_type],
+                },
+            }
+        )
+
+    # 构建关系
+    relation_results: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+    for rel in relations:
+        if not isinstance(rel, dict):
+            continue
+
+        subject = rel.get("subject")
+        obj = rel.get("object")
+        relation_type = str(rel.get("relation", "")).strip()
+
+        if not isinstance(subject, dict) or not isinstance(obj, dict) or not relation_type:
+            continue
+
+        subj_text = str(subject.get("text", "")).strip()
+        subj_type = str(subject.get("type", "")).strip()
+        obj_text = str(obj.get("text", "")).strip()
+        obj_type = str(obj.get("type", "")).strip()
+
+        from_id = _find_entity_region_id(entity_regions, subj_text, subj_type)
+        to_id = _find_entity_region_id(entity_regions, obj_text, obj_type)
+
+        if not from_id or not to_id:
+            logger.debug(
+                "Skipping relation '{}': could not find region for subject='{}' or object='{}'",
+                relation_type,
+                subj_text,
+                obj_text,
+            )
+            continue
+
+        relation_results.append(
+            {
+                "from_id": from_id,
+                "to_id": to_id,
+                "type": "relation",
+                "direction": "right",
+                "labels": [relation_type],
+            }
+        )
+
+    ls_result = entity_regions + relation_results
+    if not ls_result:
+        return None
+
+    return {
+        "id": make_ls_annotation_id(project_id, file_id),
+        "task": make_ls_task_id(project_id, file_id),
+        "result": ls_result,
+    }
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 4. 目标检测
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def convert_object_detection(
+    annotation: Dict[str, Any], file_id: str, project_id: str
+) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    """将 ImageObjectDetectionBoundingBox 算子输出转换为 LS annotation。"""
+
+    detections = annotation.get("detections")
+    if not isinstance(detections, list) or not detections:
+        return None
+
+    img_width = annotation.get("width", 0)
+    img_height = annotation.get("height", 0)
+    if not img_width or not img_height:
+        return None
+
+    ls_result: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+    for det in detections:
+        if not isinstance(det, dict):
+            continue
+
+        label = det.get("label", "unknown")
+        bbox = det.get("bbox_xyxy")
+        if not isinstance(bbox, (list, tuple)) or len(bbox) < 4:
+            continue
+
+        x1, y1, x2, y2 = float(bbox[0]), float(bbox[1]), float(bbox[2]), float(bbox[3])
+        x_pct = x1 * 100.0 / img_width
+        y_pct = y1 * 100.0 / img_height
+        w_pct = (x2 - x1) * 100.0 / img_width
+        h_pct = (y2 - y1) * 100.0 / img_height
+
+        region_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+        ls_result.append(
+            {
+                "id": region_id,
+                "from_name": "label",
+                "to_name": "image",
+                "type": "rectanglelabels",
+                "original_width": int(img_width),
+                "original_height": int(img_height),
+                "image_rotation": 0,
+                "value": {
+                    "x": round(x_pct, 4),
+                    "y": round(y_pct, 4),
+                    "width": round(w_pct, 4),
+                    "height": round(h_pct, 4),
+                    "rotation": 0,
+                    "rectanglelabels": [str(label)],
+                },
+            }
+        )
+
+    if not ls_result:
+        return None
+
+    return {
+        "id": make_ls_annotation_id(project_id, file_id),
+        "task": make_ls_task_id(project_id, file_id),
+        "result": ls_result,
+    }
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 分发器
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TASK_TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
+    "text_classification": convert_text_classification,
+    "ner": convert_ner,
+    "relation_extraction": convert_relation_extraction,
+    "object_detection": convert_object_detection,
+}
+
+
+def convert_annotation(
+    annotation: Dict[str, Any], file_id: str, project_id: str
+) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    """根据 task_type 分发到对应的转换函数。"""
+    task_type = annotation.get("task_type")
+    if task_type is None and "detections" in annotation:
+        task_type = "object_detection"
+    converter = TASK_TYPE_CONVERTERS.get(task_type)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    if converter is None:
+        logger.warning("No LS converter for task_type: {}", task_type)
+        return None
+    try:
+        return converter(annotation, file_id, project_id)
+    except Exception as exc:
+        logger.error("Failed to convert annotation (task_type={}): {}", task_type, exc)
+        return None
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# label_config XML 生成
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def _split_labels(raw: str) -> List[str]:
+    """逗号分隔字符串 → 去空白列表。"""
+    return [s.strip() for s in raw.split(",") if s.strip()]
+
+
+def generate_label_config_xml(task_type: str, operator_params: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+    """根据标注类型和算子参数生成 Label Studio label_config XML。"""
+
+    if task_type == "text_classification":
+        return _gen_text_classification_xml(operator_params)
+    if task_type == "ner":
+        return _gen_ner_xml(operator_params)
+    if task_type == "relation_extraction":
+        return _gen_relation_extraction_xml(operator_params)
+    if task_type == "object_detection":
+        return _gen_object_detection_xml(operator_params)
+
+    # 未知类型：返回最小可用 XML
+    return "<View><Header value=\"Unknown annotation type\"/></View>"
+
+
+def _gen_text_classification_xml(params: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+    categories = _split_labels(str(params.get("categories", "正面,负面,中性")))
+
+    view = ET.Element("View")
+    ET.SubElement(view, "Text", name="text", value="$text")
+    choices = ET.SubElement(
+        view,
+        "Choices",
+        name="sentiment",
+        toName="text",
+        choice="single",
+        showInline="true",
+    )
+    for cat in categories:
+        ET.SubElement(choices, "Choice", value=cat)
+
+    return ET.tostring(view, encoding="unicode")
+
+
+def _gen_ner_xml(params: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+    entity_types = _split_labels(str(params.get("entityTypes", "PER,ORG,LOC,DATE")))
+
+    view = ET.Element("View")
+    labels = ET.SubElement(view, "Labels", name="label", toName="text")
+    for i, et in enumerate(entity_types):
+        ET.SubElement(labels, "Label", value=et, background=_pick_color(i))
+    ET.SubElement(view, "Text", name="text", value="$text")
+
+    return ET.tostring(view, encoding="unicode")
+
+
+def _gen_relation_extraction_xml(params: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+    entity_types = _split_labels(str(params.get("entityTypes", "PER,ORG,LOC")))
+    relation_types = _split_labels(
+        str(params.get("relationTypes", "属于,位于,创立,工作于"))
+    )
+
+    view = ET.Element("View")
+    relations = ET.SubElement(view, "Relations")
+    for rt in relation_types:
+        ET.SubElement(relations, "Relation", value=rt)
+    labels = ET.SubElement(view, "Labels", name="label", toName="text")
+    for i, et in enumerate(entity_types):
+        ET.SubElement(labels, "Label", value=et, background=_pick_color(i))
+    ET.SubElement(view, "Text", name="text", value="$text")
+
+    return ET.tostring(view, encoding="unicode")
+
+
+def _gen_object_detection_xml(params: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+    detected_labels: List[str] = params.get("_detected_labels", [])
+    if not detected_labels:
+        detected_labels = ["object"]
+
+    view = ET.Element("View")
+    ET.SubElement(view, "Image", name="image", value="$image")
+    rect_labels = ET.SubElement(view, "RectangleLabels", name="label", toName="image")
+    for i, lbl in enumerate(detected_labels):
+        ET.SubElement(rect_labels, "Label", value=lbl, background=_pick_color(i))
+
+    return ET.tostring(view, encoding="unicode")
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Pipeline 信息提取
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+OPERATOR_TASK_TYPE_MAP: Dict[str, str] = {
+    "LLMTextClassification": "text_classification",
+    "LLMNamedEntityRecognition": "ner",
+    "LLMRelationExtraction": "relation_extraction",
+    "ImageObjectDetectionBoundingBox": "object_detection",
+}
+
+
+def infer_task_type_from_pipeline(pipeline: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> Optional[str]:
+    """从 normalized pipeline 中推断标注类型（取第一个匹配的算子）。"""
+    for step in pipeline:
+        operator_id = str(step.get("operator_id", ""))
+        task_type = OPERATOR_TASK_TYPE_MAP.get(operator_id)
+        if task_type is not None:
+            return task_type
+    return None
+
+
+def extract_operator_params(pipeline: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """从 normalized pipeline 中提取第一个标注算子的 overrides 参数。"""
+    for step in pipeline:
+        operator_id = str(step.get("operator_id", ""))
+        if operator_id in OPERATOR_TASK_TYPE_MAP:
+            return dict(step.get("overrides", {}))
+    return {}

runtime/python-executor/datamate/auto_annotation_worker.py

@@ -2,31 +2,34 @@
 """Simple background worker for auto-annotation tasks.
 
 This module runs inside the datamate-runtime container (operator_runtime service).
-It polls `t_dm_auto_annotation_tasks` for pending tasks and performs YOLO
-inference using the ImageObjectDetectionBoundingBox operator, updating
-progress back to the same table so that the datamate-python backend and
-frontend can display real-time status.
+It polls `t_dm_auto_annotation_tasks` for pending tasks and performs annotation
+using configurable operator pipelines (YOLO, LLM text classification, NER,
+relation extraction, etc.), updating progress back to the same table so that
+the datamate-python backend and frontend can display real-time status.
 
-设计目标（最小可用版本）:
-- 单实例 worker，串行处理 `pending` 状态的任务。
-- 对指定数据集下的所有已完成文件逐张执行目标检测。
-- 按已处理图片数更新 `processed_images`、`progress`、`detected_objects`、`status` 等字段。
-- 失败时将任务标记为 `failed` 并记录 `error_message`。
-
-注意:
-- 为了保持简单，目前不处理 "running" 状态的恢复逻辑；容器重启时，
-  已处于 running 的任务不会被重新拉起，需要后续扩展。
+设计:
+- 多任务并发: 可通过 AUTO_ANNOTATION_WORKER_COUNT 启动多个 worker 线程，
+  各自独立轮询和认领 pending 任务（run_token 原子 claim 保证不重复）。
+- 任务内文件并发: 可通过 AUTO_ANNOTATION_FILE_WORKERS 配置线程池大小，
+  单任务内并行处理多个文件（LLM I/O 密集型场景尤其有效）。
+  算子链通过对象池隔离，每个线程使用独立的链实例。
+- 进度更新节流: 可通过 AUTO_ANNOTATION_PROGRESS_INTERVAL 控制进度写入频率，
+  避免大数据集每文件都写 DB 造成的写压力（默认 2 秒间隔）。
+- 启动时自动恢复心跳超时的 running 任务：未处理文件重置为 pending，
+  已有部分进度的标记为 failed，由用户决定是否手动重试。
 """
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import importlib
 import json
 import os
+import queue
 import sys
 import threading
 import time
 import uuid
-from datetime import datetime
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
 
@@ -122,9 +125,121 @@ DEFAULT_OUTPUT_ROOT = os.getenv(
 
 DEFAULT_OPERATOR_WHITELIST = os.getenv(
     "AUTO_ANNOTATION_OPERATOR_WHITELIST",
-    "ImageObjectDetectionBoundingBox,test_annotation_marker",
+    "ImageObjectDetectionBoundingBox,test_annotation_marker,"
+    "LLMTextClassification,LLMNamedEntityRecognition,LLMRelationExtraction",
 )
 
+HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = int(os.getenv("AUTO_ANNOTATION_HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT", "300"))
+
+WORKER_COUNT = int(os.getenv("AUTO_ANNOTATION_WORKER_COUNT", "1"))
+
+FILE_WORKERS = int(os.getenv("AUTO_ANNOTATION_FILE_WORKERS", "1"))
+
+PROGRESS_UPDATE_INTERVAL = float(os.getenv("AUTO_ANNOTATION_PROGRESS_INTERVAL", "2.0"))
+
+
+def _recover_stale_running_tasks() -> int:
+    """启动时恢复心跳超时的 running 任务。
+
+    - processed_images = 0 → 重置为 pending（自动重试）
+    - processed_images > 0 → 标记为 failed（需用户干预）
+
+    Returns:
+        恢复的任务数量。
+    """
+    if HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS <= 0:
+        logger.info(
+            "Heartbeat timeout disabled (HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS={}), skipping recovery",
+            HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+        )
+        return 0
+
+    cutoff = datetime.now() - timedelta(seconds=HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
+
+    find_sql = text("""
+        SELECT id, processed_images, total_images, heartbeat_at
+        FROM t_dm_auto_annotation_tasks
+        WHERE status = 'running'
+          AND deleted_at IS NULL
+          AND (heartbeat_at IS NULL OR heartbeat_at < :cutoff)
+    """)
+
+    with SQLManager.create_connect() as conn:
+        rows = conn.execute(find_sql, {"cutoff": cutoff}).fetchall()
+
+    if not rows:
+        return 0
+
+    recovered = 0
+    for row in rows:
+        task_id = row[0]
+        processed = row[1] or 0
+        total = row[2] or 0
+        heartbeat = row[3]
+
+        try:
+            if processed == 0:
+                # 未开始处理，重置为 pending 自动重试
+                reset_sql = text("""
+                    UPDATE t_dm_auto_annotation_tasks
+                    SET status = 'pending',
+                        run_token = NULL,
+                        heartbeat_at = NULL,
+                        started_at = NULL,
+                        error_message = NULL,
+                        updated_at = :now
+                    WHERE id = :task_id AND status = 'running'
+                """)
+                with SQLManager.create_connect() as conn:
+                    result = conn.execute(
+                        reset_sql, {"task_id": task_id, "now": datetime.now()}
+                    )
+                    if int(getattr(result, "rowcount", 0) or 0) > 0:
+                        recovered += 1
+                        logger.info(
+                            "Recovered stale task {} -> pending (no progress, heartbeat={})",
+                            task_id,
+                            heartbeat,
+                        )
+            else:
+                # 已有部分进度，标记为 failed
+                error_msg = (
+                    f"Worker 心跳超时（上次心跳: {heartbeat}，"
+                    f"超时阈值: {HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS}秒）。"
+                    f"已处理 {processed}/{total} 个文件。请检查后手动重试。"
+                )
+                fail_sql = text("""
+                    UPDATE t_dm_auto_annotation_tasks
+                    SET status = 'failed',
+                        run_token = NULL,
+                        error_message = :error_message,
+                        completed_at = :now,
+                        updated_at = :now
+                    WHERE id = :task_id AND status = 'running'
+                """)
+                with SQLManager.create_connect() as conn:
+                    result = conn.execute(
+                        fail_sql,
+                        {
+                            "task_id": task_id,
+                            "error_message": error_msg[:2000],
+                            "now": datetime.now(),
+                        },
+                    )
+                    if int(getattr(result, "rowcount", 0) or 0) > 0:
+                        recovered += 1
+                        logger.warning(
+                            "Recovered stale task {} -> failed (processed {}/{}, heartbeat={})",
+                            task_id,
+                            processed,
+                            total,
+                            heartbeat,
+                        )
+        except Exception as exc:
+            logger.error("Failed to recover stale task {}: {}", task_id, exc)
+
+    return recovered
+
 
 def _fetch_pending_task() -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
     """原子 claim 一个 pending 任务并返回任务详情。"""
@@ -856,6 +971,139 @@ def _register_output_dataset(
     )
 
 
+def _create_labeling_project_with_annotations(
+    task_id: str,
+    dataset_id: str,
+    dataset_name: str,
+    task_name: str,
+    dataset_type: str,
+    normalized_pipeline: List[Dict[str, Any]],
+    file_results: List[Tuple[str, Dict[str, Any]]],
+    all_file_ids: List[str],
+) -> None:
+    """将自动标注结果转换为 Label Studio 格式，创建标注项目并写入标注结果。"""
+
+    from datamate.annotation_result_converter import (
+        convert_annotation,
+        extract_operator_params,
+        generate_label_config_xml,
+        infer_task_type_from_pipeline,
+    )
+
+    task_type = infer_task_type_from_pipeline(normalized_pipeline)
+    if not task_type:
+        logger.warning(
+            "Cannot infer task_type from pipeline for task {}, skipping labeling project creation",
+            task_id,
+        )
+        return
+
+    operator_params = extract_operator_params(normalized_pipeline)
+
+    # 目标检测：从实际检测结果中收集唯一标签列表
+    if task_type == "object_detection":
+        all_labels: set = set()
+        for _, ann in file_results:
+            for det in ann.get("detections", []):
+                if isinstance(det, dict):
+                    all_labels.add(str(det.get("label", "unknown")))
+        operator_params["_detected_labels"] = sorted(all_labels)
+
+    label_config = generate_label_config_xml(task_type, operator_params)
+
+    project_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+    labeling_project_id = str(uuid.uuid4().int % 10**8).zfill(8)
+    project_name = f"自动标注 - {task_name or dataset_name or task_id[:8]}"[:100]
+
+    now = datetime.now()
+    configuration = json.dumps(
+        {
+            "label_config": label_config,
+            "description": f"由自动标注任务 {task_id[:8]} 自动创建",
+            "auto_annotation_task_id": task_id,
+        },
+        ensure_ascii=False,
+    )
+
+    insert_project_sql = text(
+        """
+        INSERT INTO t_dm_labeling_projects
+            (id, dataset_id, name, labeling_project_id, template_id, configuration, created_at, updated_at)
+        VALUES
+            (:id, :dataset_id, :name, :labeling_project_id, NULL, :configuration, :now, :now)
+        """
+    )
+    insert_snapshot_sql = text(
+        """
+        INSERT INTO t_dm_labeling_project_files (id, project_id, file_id, created_at)
+        VALUES (:id, :project_id, :file_id, :now)
+        """
+    )
+    insert_annotation_sql = text(
+        """
+        INSERT INTO t_dm_annotation_results
+            (id, project_id, file_id, annotation, annotation_status, file_version, created_at, updated_at)
+        VALUES
+            (:id, :project_id, :file_id, :annotation, :annotation_status, :file_version, :now, :now)
+        """
+    )
+
+    with SQLManager.create_connect() as conn:
+        # 1. 创建标注项目
+        conn.execute(
+            insert_project_sql,
+            {
+                "id": project_id,
+                "dataset_id": dataset_id,
+                "name": project_name,
+                "labeling_project_id": labeling_project_id,
+                "configuration": configuration,
+                "now": now,
+            },
+        )
+
+        # 2. 创建项目文件快照
+        for file_id in all_file_ids:
+            conn.execute(
+                insert_snapshot_sql,
+                {
+                    "id": str(uuid.uuid4()),
+                    "project_id": project_id,
+                    "file_id": file_id,
+                    "now": now,
+                },
+            )
+
+        # 3. 转换并写入标注结果
+        converted_count = 0
+        for file_id, annotation in file_results:
+            ls_annotation = convert_annotation(annotation, file_id, project_id)
+            if ls_annotation is None:
+                continue
+
+            conn.execute(
+                insert_annotation_sql,
+                {
+                    "id": str(uuid.uuid4()),
+                    "project_id": project_id,
+                    "file_id": file_id,
+                    "annotation": json.dumps(ls_annotation, ensure_ascii=False),
+                    "annotation_status": "ANNOTATED",
+                    "file_version": 1,
+                    "now": now,
+                },
+            )
+            converted_count += 1
+
+    logger.info(
+        "Created labeling project {} ({}) with {} annotations for auto-annotation task {}",
+        project_id,
+        project_name,
+        converted_count,
+        task_id,
+    )
+
+
 def _process_single_task(task: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
     """执行单个自动标注任务。"""
 
@@ -914,7 +1162,7 @@ def _process_single_task(task: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
     else:
         all_files = _load_dataset_files(dataset_id)
 
-    files = [(path, name) for _, path, name in all_files]
+    files = all_files  # [(file_id, file_path, file_name)]
 
     total_images = len(files)
     if total_images == 0:
@@ -962,10 +1210,6 @@ def _process_single_task(task: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
             raise RuntimeError("Pipeline is empty after normalization")
 
         _validate_pipeline_whitelist(normalized_pipeline)
-
-        chain = _build_operator_chain(normalized_pipeline)
-        if not chain:
-            raise RuntimeError("No valid operator instances initialized")
     except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Failed to init operator pipeline for task {}: {}", task_id, e)
         _update_task_status(
@@ -980,76 +1224,149 @@ def _process_single_task(task: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
         )
         return
 
-    processed = 0
-    detected_total = 0
-
+    # --- 构建算子链池（每个线程使用独立的链实例，避免线程安全问题）---
+    effective_file_workers = max(1, FILE_WORKERS)
+    chain_pool: queue.Queue = queue.Queue()
     try:
-
-        for file_path, file_name in files:
-            if _is_stop_requested(task_id, run_token):
-                logger.info("Task stop requested during processing: {}", task_id)
-                _update_task_status(
-                    task_id,
-                    run_token=run_token,
-                    status="stopped",
-                    progress=int(processed * 100 / total_images) if total_images > 0 else 0,
-                    processed_images=processed,
-                    detected_objects=detected_total,
-                    total_images=total_images,
-                    output_path=output_dir,
-                    output_dataset_id=output_dataset_id,
-                    completed=True,
-                    clear_run_token=True,
-                    error_message="Task stopped by request",
-                )
-                return
-
-            try:
-                sample_key = _get_sample_key(dataset_type)
-                sample = {
-                    sample_key: file_path,
-                    "filename": file_name,
-                }
-
-                result = _run_pipeline_sample(sample, chain)
-                detected_total += _count_detections(result)
-                processed += 1
-
-                progress = int(processed * 100 / total_images) if total_images > 0 else 100
-
-                _update_task_status(
-                    task_id,
-                    run_token=run_token,
-                    status="running",
-                    progress=progress,
-                    processed_images=processed,
-                    detected_objects=detected_total,
-                    total_images=total_images,
-                    output_path=output_dir,
-                    output_dataset_id=output_dataset_id,
-                )
-            except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(
-                    "Failed to process file for task {}: file_path={}, error={}",
-                    task_id,
-                    file_path,
-                    e,
-                )
-                continue
-
+        for _ in range(effective_file_workers):
+            c = _build_operator_chain(normalized_pipeline)
+            if not c:
+                raise RuntimeError("No valid operator instances initialized")
+            chain_pool.put(c)
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error("Failed to build operator chain pool for task {}: {}", task_id, e)
         _update_task_status(
             task_id,
             run_token=run_token,
-            status="completed",
-            progress=100,
-            processed_images=processed,
-            detected_objects=detected_total,
+            status="failed",
             total_images=total_images,
-            output_path=output_dir,
-            output_dataset_id=output_dataset_id,
-            completed=True,
+            processed_images=0,
+            detected_objects=0,
+            error_message=f"Init pipeline failed: {e}",
             clear_run_token=True,
         )
+        return
+
+    processed = 0
+    detected_total = 0
+    file_results: List[Tuple[str, Dict[str, Any]]] = []  # (file_id, annotations)
+    stopped = False
+
+    try:
+        # --- 线程安全的进度跟踪 ---
+        progress_lock = threading.Lock()
+        stop_event = threading.Event()
+
+        def _process_file(
+            file_id: str, file_path: str, file_name: str,
+        ) -> Optional[Tuple[str, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+            """在线程池中处理单个文件。"""
+            if stop_event.is_set():
+                return None
+            chain = chain_pool.get()
+            try:
+                sample_key = _get_sample_key(dataset_type)
+                sample: Dict[str, Any] = {
+                    sample_key: file_path,
+                    "filename": file_name,
+                }
+                result = _run_pipeline_sample(sample, chain)
+                return (file_id, result)
+            finally:
+                chain_pool.put(chain)
+
+        # --- 并发文件处理 ---
+        stop_check_interval = max(1, effective_file_workers * 2)
+        completed_since_check = 0
+        last_progress_update = time.monotonic()
+
+        with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=effective_file_workers) as executor:
+            future_to_file = {
+                executor.submit(_process_file, fid, fpath, fname): (fid, fpath, fname)
+                for fid, fpath, fname in files
+            }
+
+            for future in as_completed(future_to_file):
+                fid, fpath, fname = future_to_file[future]
+                try:
+                    result = future.result()
+                    if result is None:
+                        continue
+                    file_id_out, sample_result = result
+                    detections = _count_detections(sample_result)
+                    ann = sample_result.get("annotations")
+
+                    with progress_lock:
+                        processed += 1
+                        detected_total += detections
+                        if isinstance(ann, dict):
+                            file_results.append((file_id_out, ann))
+                        current_processed = processed
+                        current_detected = detected_total
+
+                    now = time.monotonic()
+                    if PROGRESS_UPDATE_INTERVAL <= 0 or (now - last_progress_update) >= PROGRESS_UPDATE_INTERVAL:
+                        progress = int(current_processed * 100 / total_images) if total_images > 0 else 100
+                        _update_task_status(
+                            task_id,
+                            run_token=run_token,
+                            status="running",
+                            progress=progress,
+                            processed_images=current_processed,
+                            detected_objects=current_detected,
+                            total_images=total_images,
+                            output_path=output_dir,
+                            output_dataset_id=output_dataset_id,
+                        )
+                        last_progress_update = now
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.error(
+                        "Failed to process file for task {}: file_path={}, error={}",
+                        task_id,
+                        fpath,
+                        e,
+                    )
+
+                completed_since_check += 1
+                if completed_since_check >= stop_check_interval:
+                    completed_since_check = 0
+                    if _is_stop_requested(task_id, run_token):
+                        stop_event.set()
+                        for f in future_to_file:
+                            f.cancel()
+                        stopped = True
+                        break
+
+        if stopped:
+            logger.info("Task stop requested during processing: {}", task_id)
+            _update_task_status(
+                task_id,
+                run_token=run_token,
+                status="stopped",
+                progress=int(processed * 100 / total_images) if total_images > 0 else 0,
+                processed_images=processed,
+                detected_objects=detected_total,
+                total_images=total_images,
+                output_path=output_dir,
+                output_dataset_id=output_dataset_id,
+                completed=True,
+                clear_run_token=True,
+                error_message="Task stopped by request",
+            )
+        else:
+            _update_task_status(
+                task_id,
+                run_token=run_token,
+                status="completed",
+                progress=100,
+                processed_images=processed,
+                detected_objects=detected_total,
+                total_images=total_images,
+                output_path=output_dir,
+                output_dataset_id=output_dataset_id,
+                completed=True,
+                clear_run_token=True,
+            )
 
         logger.info(
             "Completed auto-annotation task: id={}, total_images={}, processed={}, detected_objects={}, output_path={}",
@@ -1076,6 +1393,26 @@ def _process_single_task(task: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
                     task_id,
                     e,
                 )
+
+        # 将自动标注结果转换为 Label Studio 格式并写入标注项目
+        if file_results:
+            try:
+                _create_labeling_project_with_annotations(
+                    task_id=task_id,
+                    dataset_id=dataset_id,
+                    dataset_name=source_dataset_name,
+                    task_name=task_name,
+                    dataset_type=dataset_type,
+                    normalized_pipeline=normalized_pipeline,
+                    file_results=file_results,
+                    all_file_ids=[fid for fid, _, _ in all_files],
+                )
+            except Exception as e:  # pragma: no cover - 防御性日志
+                logger.error(
+                    "Failed to create labeling project for auto-annotation task {}: {}",
+                    task_id,
+                    e,
+                )
     except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Task execution failed for task {}: {}", task_id, e)
         _update_task_status(
@@ -1097,9 +1434,10 @@ def _worker_loop() -> None:
     """Worker 主循环，在独立线程中运行。"""
 
     logger.info(
-        "Auto-annotation worker started with poll interval {} seconds, output root {}",
+        "Auto-annotation worker started (poll_interval={}s, output_root={}, file_workers={})",
         POLL_INTERVAL_SECONDS,
         DEFAULT_OUTPUT_ROOT,
+        FILE_WORKERS,
     )
 
     while True:
@@ -1118,6 +1456,20 @@ def _worker_loop() -> None:
 def start_auto_annotation_worker() -> None:
     """在后台线程中启动自动标注 worker。"""
 
-    thread = threading.Thread(target=_worker_loop, name="auto-annotation-worker", daemon=True)
-    thread.start()
-    logger.info("Auto-annotation worker thread started: {}", thread.name)
+    # 启动前执行一次恢复（在 worker 线程启动前运行，避免多线程重复恢复）
+    try:
+        recovered = _recover_stale_running_tasks()
+        if recovered > 0:
+            logger.info("Recovered {} stale running task(s) on startup", recovered)
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error("Failed to run startup task recovery: {}", e)
+
+    count = max(1, WORKER_COUNT)
+    for i in range(count):
+        thread = threading.Thread(
+            target=_worker_loop,
+            name=f"auto-annotation-worker-{i}",
+            daemon=True,
+        )
+        thread.start()
+        logger.info("Auto-annotation worker thread started: {}", thread.name)

runtime/python-executor/tests/test_worker_concurrency.py

@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""Tests for auto_annotation_worker concurrency features (improvement #4).
+
+Covers:
+- Multi-worker startup (WORKER_COUNT)
+- Intra-task file parallelism (FILE_WORKERS)
+- Chain pool acquire/release
+- Thread-safe progress tracking
+- Stop request handling during concurrent processing
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import queue
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+import unittest
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch, call
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Ensure the module under test can be imported
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+RUNTIME_ROOT = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "..")
+EXECUTOR_ROOT = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..")
+for p in (RUNTIME_ROOT, EXECUTOR_ROOT):
+    abs_p = os.path.abspath(p)
+    if abs_p not in sys.path:
+        sys.path.insert(0, abs_p)
+
+
+class TestWorkerCountConfig(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test that start_auto_annotation_worker launches WORKER_COUNT threads."""
+
+    @patch("datamate.auto_annotation_worker._recover_stale_running_tasks", return_value=0)
+    @patch("datamate.auto_annotation_worker._worker_loop")
+    @patch("datamate.auto_annotation_worker.WORKER_COUNT", 3)
+    def test_multiple_worker_threads_launched(self, mock_loop, mock_recover):
+        """WORKER_COUNT=3 should launch 3 daemon threads."""
+        from datamate.auto_annotation_worker import start_auto_annotation_worker
+
+        started_threads: List[threading.Thread] = []
+        original_thread_init = threading.Thread.__init__
+
+        def track_thread(self_thread, *args, **kwargs):
+            original_thread_init(self_thread, *args, **kwargs)
+            started_threads.append(self_thread)
+
+        with patch.object(threading.Thread, "__init__", track_thread):
+            with patch.object(threading.Thread, "start"):
+                start_auto_annotation_worker()
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(started_threads), 3)
+        for i, t in enumerate(started_threads):
+            self.assertEqual(t.name, f"auto-annotation-worker-{i}")
+            self.assertTrue(t.daemon)
+
+    @patch("datamate.auto_annotation_worker._recover_stale_running_tasks", return_value=0)
+    @patch("datamate.auto_annotation_worker._worker_loop")
+    @patch("datamate.auto_annotation_worker.WORKER_COUNT", 1)
+    def test_single_worker_default(self, mock_loop, mock_recover):
+        """WORKER_COUNT=1 (default) should launch exactly 1 thread."""
+        from datamate.auto_annotation_worker import start_auto_annotation_worker
+
+        started_threads: List[threading.Thread] = []
+        original_thread_init = threading.Thread.__init__
+
+        def track_thread(self_thread, *args, **kwargs):
+            original_thread_init(self_thread, *args, **kwargs)
+            started_threads.append(self_thread)
+
+        with patch.object(threading.Thread, "__init__", track_thread):
+            with patch.object(threading.Thread, "start"):
+                start_auto_annotation_worker()
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(started_threads), 1)
+
+    @patch("datamate.auto_annotation_worker._recover_stale_running_tasks", side_effect=RuntimeError("db down"))
+    @patch("datamate.auto_annotation_worker._worker_loop")
+    @patch("datamate.auto_annotation_worker.WORKER_COUNT", 2)
+    def test_recovery_failure_doesnt_block_workers(self, mock_loop, mock_recover):
+        """Recovery failure should not prevent worker threads from starting."""
+        from datamate.auto_annotation_worker import start_auto_annotation_worker
+
+        started_threads: List[threading.Thread] = []
+        original_thread_init = threading.Thread.__init__
+
+        def track_thread(self_thread, *args, **kwargs):
+            original_thread_init(self_thread, *args, **kwargs)
+            started_threads.append(self_thread)
+
+        with patch.object(threading.Thread, "__init__", track_thread):
+            with patch.object(threading.Thread, "start"):
+                start_auto_annotation_worker()
+
+        # Workers should still be launched despite recovery failure
+        self.assertEqual(len(started_threads), 2)
+
+
+class TestChainPool(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test the chain pool pattern used for operator instance isolation."""
+
+    def test_pool_acquire_release(self):
+        """Each thread should get its own chain and return it after use."""
+        pool: queue.Queue = queue.Queue()
+        chains = [f"chain-{i}" for i in range(3)]
+        for c in chains:
+            pool.put(c)
+
+        acquired: List[str] = []
+        lock = threading.Lock()
+
+        def worker():
+            chain = pool.get()
+            with lock:
+                acquired.append(chain)
+            time.sleep(0.01)
+            pool.put(chain)
+
+        threads = [threading.Thread(target=worker) for _ in range(6)]
+        for t in threads:
+            t.start()
+        for t in threads:
+            t.join()
+
+        # All 6 workers should have acquired a chain
+        self.assertEqual(len(acquired), 6)
+        # Pool should have all 3 chains back
+        self.assertEqual(pool.qsize(), 3)
+        returned = set()
+        while not pool.empty():
+            returned.add(pool.get())
+        self.assertEqual(returned, set(chains))
+
+    def test_pool_blocks_when_empty(self):
+        """When pool is empty, threads should block until a chain is returned."""
+        pool: queue.Queue = queue.Queue()
+        pool.put("only-chain")
+
+        acquired_times: List[float] = []
+        lock = threading.Lock()
+
+        def worker():
+            chain = pool.get()
+            with lock:
+                acquired_times.append(time.monotonic())
+            time.sleep(0.05)
+            pool.put(chain)
+
+        t1 = threading.Thread(target=worker)
+        t2 = threading.Thread(target=worker)
+        t1.start()
+        time.sleep(0.01)  # Ensure t1 starts first
+        t2.start()
+        t1.join()
+        t2.join()
+
+        # t2 should have acquired after t1 returned (at least 0.04s gap)
+        self.assertEqual(len(acquired_times), 2)
+        gap = acquired_times[1] - acquired_times[0]
+        self.assertGreater(gap, 0.03)
+
+
+class TestConcurrentFileProcessing(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test the concurrent file processing logic from _process_single_task."""
+
+    def test_threadpool_processes_all_files(self):
+        """ThreadPoolExecutor should process all submitted files."""
+        results: List[str] = []
+        lock = threading.Lock()
+
+        def process_file(file_id):
+            time.sleep(0.01)
+            with lock:
+                results.append(file_id)
+            return file_id
+
+        files = [f"file-{i}" for i in range(10)]
+        with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4) as executor:
+            futures = {executor.submit(process_file, f): f for f in files}
+            for future in as_completed(futures):
+                future.result()
+
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(results), sorted(files))
+
+    def test_stop_event_cancels_pending_futures(self):
+        """Setting stop_event should prevent unstarted files from processing."""
+        stop_event = threading.Event()
+        processed: List[str] = []
+        lock = threading.Lock()
+
+        def process_file(file_id):
+            if stop_event.is_set():
+                return None
+            time.sleep(0.05)
+            with lock:
+                processed.append(file_id)
+            return file_id
+
+        files = [f"file-{i}" for i in range(20)]
+        with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2) as executor:
+            future_to_file = {
+                executor.submit(process_file, f): f for f in files
+            }
+
+            count = 0
+            for future in as_completed(future_to_file):
+                result = future.result()
+                count += 1
+                if count >= 3:
+                    stop_event.set()
+                    for f in future_to_file:
+                        f.cancel()
+                    break
+
+        # Should have processed some but not all files
+        self.assertGreater(len(processed), 0)
+        self.assertLess(len(processed), 20)
+
+    def test_thread_safe_counter_updates(self):
+        """Counters updated inside lock should be accurate under concurrency."""
+        processed = 0
+        detected = 0
+        lock = threading.Lock()
+
+        def process_and_count(file_id):
+            nonlocal processed, detected
+            time.sleep(0.001)
+            with lock:
+                processed += 1
+                detected += 2
+            return file_id
+
+        with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=8) as executor:
+            futures = [executor.submit(process_and_count, f"f-{i}") for i in range(100)]
+            for f in as_completed(futures):
+                f.result()
+
+        self.assertEqual(processed, 100)
+        self.assertEqual(detected, 200)
+
+
+class TestFileWorkersConfig(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test FILE_WORKERS configuration behavior."""
+
+    def test_file_workers_one_is_serial(self):
+        """FILE_WORKERS=1 should process files sequentially."""
+        order: List[int] = []
+        lock = threading.Lock()
+
+        def process(idx):
+            with lock:
+                order.append(idx)
+            time.sleep(0.01)
+            return idx
+
+        with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=1) as executor:
+            futures = [executor.submit(process, i) for i in range(5)]
+            for f in as_completed(futures):
+                f.result()
+
+        # With max_workers=1, execution is serial (though completion order
+        # via as_completed might differ; the key is that only 1 runs at a time)
+        self.assertEqual(len(order), 5)
+
+    def test_file_workers_gt_one_is_parallel(self):
+        """FILE_WORKERS>1 should process files concurrently."""
+        start_times: List[float] = []
+        lock = threading.Lock()
+
+        def process(idx):
+            with lock:
+                start_times.append(time.monotonic())
+            time.sleep(0.05)
+            return idx
+
+        with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4) as executor:
+            futures = [executor.submit(process, i) for i in range(4)]
+            for f in as_completed(futures):
+                f.result()
+
+        # All 4 should start nearly simultaneously
+        self.assertEqual(len(start_times), 4)
+        time_spread = max(start_times) - min(start_times)
+        # With parallel execution, spread should be < 0.04s
+        # (serial would be ~0.15s with 0.05s sleep each)
+        self.assertLess(time_spread, 0.04)
+
+
+class TestWorkerLoopSimplified(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test that _worker_loop no longer calls recovery."""
+
+    @patch("datamate.auto_annotation_worker._process_single_task")
+    @patch("datamate.auto_annotation_worker._fetch_pending_task")
+    @patch("datamate.auto_annotation_worker._recover_stale_running_tasks")
+    def test_worker_loop_does_not_call_recovery(self, mock_recover, mock_fetch, mock_process):
+        """_worker_loop should NOT call _recover_stale_running_tasks."""
+        from datamate.auto_annotation_worker import _worker_loop
+
+        call_count = 0
+
+        def side_effect():
+            nonlocal call_count
+            call_count += 1
+            if call_count >= 2:
+                raise KeyboardInterrupt("stop test")
+            return None
+
+        mock_fetch.side_effect = side_effect
+
+        with patch("datamate.auto_annotation_worker.POLL_INTERVAL_SECONDS", 0.001):
+            try:
+                _worker_loop()
+            except KeyboardInterrupt:
+                pass
+
+        mock_recover.assert_not_called()
+
+
+class TestProgressThrottling(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test time-based progress update throttling (improvement #5)."""
+
+    def test_progress_updates_throttled(self):
+        """With PROGRESS_UPDATE_INTERVAL>0, rapid completions should batch DB writes."""
+        update_calls: List[float] = []
+        lock = threading.Lock()
+
+        def mock_update(*args, **kwargs):
+            with lock:
+                update_calls.append(time.monotonic())
+
+        interval = 0.05  # 50ms throttle interval
+        processed = 0
+        # Initialize in the past so the first file triggers an update
+        last_progress_update = time.monotonic() - interval
+        total_files = 50
+
+        # Simulate the throttled update loop from _process_single_task
+        for i in range(total_files):
+            processed += 1
+            now = time.monotonic()
+            if interval <= 0 or (now - last_progress_update) >= interval:
+                mock_update(processed=processed, total=total_files)
+                last_progress_update = now
+            # Simulate very fast file processing (~1ms)
+            time.sleep(0.001)
+
+        # With 50 files at ~1ms each (~50ms total) and 50ms interval,
+        # should get far fewer updates than total_files
+        self.assertLess(len(update_calls), total_files)
+        self.assertGreater(len(update_calls), 0)
+
+    def test_progress_interval_zero_updates_every_file(self):
+        """PROGRESS_UPDATE_INTERVAL=0 should update on every file completion."""
+        update_count = 0
+        interval = 0.0
+        total_files = 20
+        last_progress_update = time.monotonic()
+
+        for i in range(total_files):
+            now = time.monotonic()
+            if interval <= 0 or (now - last_progress_update) >= interval:
+                update_count += 1
+                last_progress_update = now
+
+        self.assertEqual(update_count, total_files)
+
+    def test_progress_throttle_with_slow_processing(self):
+        """When each file takes longer than the interval, every file triggers an update."""
+        update_count = 0
+        interval = 0.01  # 10ms interval
+        total_files = 5
+        last_progress_update = time.monotonic() - 1.0  # Start in the past
+
+        for i in range(total_files):
+            time.sleep(0.02)  # 20ms per file > 10ms interval
+            now = time.monotonic()
+            if interval <= 0 or (now - last_progress_update) >= interval:
+                update_count += 1
+                last_progress_update = now
+
+        # Every file should trigger an update since processing time > interval
+        self.assertEqual(update_count, total_files)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()