perf(docker): 优化 Docker 构建性能并启用缓存卷支持

- 在后端 Dockerfile 中实现分层缓存，先复制 pom.xml 文件再下载依赖
- 在前端 Dockerfile 中实现 npm 依赖缓存卷，提升构建效率
- 在网关 Dockerfile 中实现 Maven 依赖缓存卷，减少重复下载
- 在 Makefile 中启用 Docker BuildKit 支持缓存卷等高级功能
- 使用离线模式编译避免网络请求，加快构建速度
- 优化 COPY 操作顺序以更好利用 Docker 层缓存机制

scripts/images/backend/Dockerfile

@@ -16,10 +16,44 @@ RUN mkdir -p /root/.m2 && \
   </mirrors>\n\
 </settings>' > /root/.m2/settings.xml
 
+WORKDIR /opt/backend
+
+# 先复制所有 pom.xml 文件，利用 Docker 层缓存
+# 父 pom
+COPY backend/pom.xml ./
+
+# services 聚合模块
+COPY backend/services/pom.xml ./services/
+
+# 共享模块
+COPY backend/shared/domain-common/pom.xml ./shared/domain-common/
+COPY backend/shared/security-common/pom.xml ./shared/security-common/
+
+# 各个服务模块
+COPY backend/services/data-annotation-service/pom.xml ./services/data-annotation-service/
+COPY backend/services/data-cleaning-service/pom.xml ./services/data-cleaning-service/
+COPY backend/services/data-evaluation-service/pom.xml ./services/data-evaluation-service/
+COPY backend/services/data-management-service/pom.xml ./services/data-management-service/
+COPY backend/services/data-synthesis-service/pom.xml ./services/data-synthesis-service/
+COPY backend/services/execution-engine-service/pom.xml ./services/execution-engine-service/
+COPY backend/services/main-application/pom.xml ./services/main-application/
+COPY backend/services/operator-market-service/pom.xml ./services/operator-market-service/
+COPY backend/services/pipeline-orchestration-service/pom.xml ./services/pipeline-orchestration-service/
+COPY backend/services/rag-indexer-service/pom.xml ./services/rag-indexer-service/
+COPY backend/services/rag-query-service/pom.xml ./services/rag-query-service/
+
+# 使用缓存卷下载依赖（不复制源代码时即可缓存依赖层）
+RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.m2/repository \
+    cd /opt/backend/services && \
+    mvn dependency:go-offline -Dmaven.test.skip=true || true
+
+# 复制所有源代码
 COPY backend/ /opt/backend
 
-RUN cd /opt/backend/services && \
-    mvn -U clean package -Dmaven.test.skip=true
+# 编译打包（使用缓存的依赖）
+RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.m2/repository \
+    cd /opt/backend/services && \
+    mvn -o clean package -Dmaven.test.skip=true
 
 
 FROM eclipse-temurin:21-jdk