feat(driver): add Android UiAutomator2 driver

Register `SUPPORTED_DRIVER_TYPES["uiautomator2"]` backed by the new
`AndroidDriver`, mirroring `WDADriver` method-for-method. tap/swipe/home use
the confirmed UiAutomator2 mobile commands (`clickGesture`, `dragGesture`,
`pressKey`); swipe converts `duration_ms` to a drag speed with a zero-distance
guard. Adds 34 mocked unit tests, an env-var-gated integration test, and
corrects the outdated "Android not registered" note in the iPhone setup doc.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

docs/MACOS_IPHONE_SETUP.md

@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@ macOS 上通过 Appium + WebDriverAgent（WDA）控制真实 iPhone。
 
 ## 1. 当前支持范围
 
-- 当前仓库只内置了 `wda` Driver，即 iPhone/iPad 的 XCUITest/WDA 控制链路。
-- Android 只是架构上的未来目标，当前 `driver/registry.py` 没有注册 Android
-  Driver，因此仅安装 Android SDK/ADB 还不能让本项目控制 Android 手机。
+- 当前仓库内置 `wda`（iPhone/iPad 的 XCUITest/WDA）与 `uiautomator2`（Android
+  的 Appium UiAutomator2）两种 Driver，均在 `driver/registry.py` 注册。
+- Android 驱动代码已落地但尚未经过真机验证；完整的 Android SDK/adb/Appium 真机
+  安装手册留待后续变更补充，本文其余章节仍聚焦 iPhone 真机流程。
 - iPhone 真机自动化必须在 macOS 上完成，因为 XCUITest、Xcode 和 WDA 签名依赖
   Apple 工具链。
 - 当前 Web Console 的设备登记接口不会自动连接设备，REST API 也没有公开的

driver/android_driver.py

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import math
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Any
+
+from core.errors import DeviceOfflineError, DriverError
+from driver.base import Driver
+
+# Android KeyEvent.KEYCODE_HOME. Kept as a literal rather than importing the
+# full keycode table because this is the only keycode the Driver ABC exposes.
+_KEYCODE_HOME = 3
+
+# Default drag speed (pixels/second) used by ``swipe`` when the caller's start
+# and end coordinates collapse to a zero/near-zero distance, where converting
+# ``duration_ms`` via ``distance / seconds`` would divide by zero.
+_DEFAULT_DRAG_SPEED_PX_PER_SEC = 2500
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AndroidDriverConfig:
+    server_url: str = "http://127.0.0.1:4723"
+    platform_name: str = "Android"
+    automation_name: str = "UiAutomator2"
+    device_name: str | None = None
+    udid: str | None = None
+    system_port: int | None = None
+    no_reset: bool = True
+    extra_capabilities: dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
+
+
+class AndroidDriver(Driver):
+    def __init__(self, config: AndroidDriverConfig | None = None) -> None:
+        self.config = config or AndroidDriverConfig()
+        self._client: Any | None = None
+
+    def connect(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            from appium import webdriver
+            from appium.options.android import UiAutomator2Options
+            from appium.webdriver.client_config import AppiumClientConfig
+        except ImportError as exc:
+            raise DriverError("Appium Python client is not installed") from exc
+
+        capabilities: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "platformName": self.config.platform_name,
+            "automationName": self.config.automation_name,
+            "noReset": self.config.no_reset,
+            **self.config.extra_capabilities,
+        }
+        if self.config.device_name:
+            capabilities["deviceName"] = self.config.device_name
+        if self.config.udid:
+            capabilities["udid"] = self.config.udid
+        if self.config.system_port:
+            capabilities["systemPort"] = self.config.system_port
+
+        options = UiAutomator2Options().load_capabilities(capabilities)
+        client_config = AppiumClientConfig(remote_server_addr=self.config.server_url)
+        try:
+            self._client = webdriver.Remote(
+                options=options,
+                client_config=client_config,
+            )
+        except Exception as exc:
+            self._client = None
+            raise DeviceOfflineError("device offline") from exc
+
+    def disconnect(self) -> None:
+        client = self._require_client()
+        try:
+            client.quit()
+        finally:
+            self._client = None
+
+    def screenshot(self) -> bytes:
+        client = self._require_client()
+        try:
+            return client.get_screenshot_as_png()
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise DriverError("screenshot failed") from exc
+
+    def tap(self, x: float, y: float) -> None:
+        client = self._require_client()
+        try:
+            client.execute_script("mobile: clickGesture", {"x": x, "y": y})
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise DriverError("tap failed") from exc
+
+    def swipe(
+        self,
+        start_x: float,
+        start_y: float,
+        end_x: float,
+        end_y: float,
+        duration_ms: int = 500,
+    ) -> None:
+        client = self._require_client()
+        speed = _drag_speed(start_x, start_y, end_x, end_y, duration_ms)
+        try:
+            client.execute_script(
+                "mobile: dragGesture",
+                {
+                    "startX": start_x,
+                    "startY": start_y,
+                    "endX": end_x,
+                    "endY": end_y,
+                    "speed": speed,
+                },
+            )
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise DriverError("swipe failed") from exc
+
+    def input(self, text: str) -> None:
+        client = self._require_client()
+        try:
+            client.switch_to.active_element.send_keys(text)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise DriverError("text input failed") from exc
+
+    def launch(self, app_id: str) -> None:
+        client = self._require_client()
+        try:
+            client.activate_app(app_id)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise DriverError("app launch failed") from exc
+
+    def terminate(self, app_id: str) -> None:
+        client = self._require_client()
+        try:
+            client.terminate_app(app_id)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise DriverError("app terminate failed") from exc
+
+    def tree(self) -> str:
+        client = self._require_client()
+        try:
+            return client.page_source
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise DriverError("ui tree retrieval failed") from exc
+
+    def home(self) -> None:
+        client = self._require_client()
+        try:
+            client.execute_script("mobile: pressKey", {"keycode": _KEYCODE_HOME})
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise DriverError("home failed") from exc
+
+    def lock(self) -> None:
+        client = self._require_client()
+        try:
+            client.lock()
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise DriverError("lock failed") from exc
+
+    def unlock(self) -> None:
+        client = self._require_client()
+        try:
+            client.unlock()
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise DriverError("unlock failed") from exc
+
+    def _require_client(self) -> Any:
+        if self._client is None:
+            raise DeviceOfflineError("device offline")
+        return self._client
+
+
+def _drag_speed(
+    start_x: float,
+    start_y: float,
+    end_x: float,
+    end_y: float,
+    duration_ms: int,
+) -> int:
+    """Convert ``Driver.swipe``'s ``duration_ms`` into a drag speed (px/s).
+
+    ``mobile: dragGesture`` takes a speed in pixels/second rather than a
+    duration. Convert via ``distance / seconds`` and guard against a
+    zero/near-zero distance that would otherwise divide by zero.
+    """
+    distance = math.hypot(end_x - start_x, end_y - start_y)
+    seconds = duration_ms / 1000
+    if seconds <= 0:
+        return _DEFAULT_DRAG_SPEED_PX_PER_SEC
+    if distance < 1.0:
+        return _DEFAULT_DRAG_SPEED_PX_PER_SEC
+    return int(distance / seconds)

driver/registry.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from dataclasses import fields
 from typing import Any
 
 from device.manager import DriverFactory
+from driver.android_driver import AndroidDriver, AndroidDriverConfig
 from driver.wda_driver import WDADriver, WDADriverConfig
 
 DriverFactoryBuilder = Callable[[dict[str, Any]], DriverFactory]
@@ -29,8 +30,28 @@ def build_wda_driver_factory(connection_info: dict[str, Any]) -> DriverFactory:
     return lambda: WDADriver(config)
 
 
+def build_android_driver_factory(connection_info: dict[str, Any]) -> DriverFactory:
+    config_fields = {field.name for field in fields(AndroidDriverConfig)}
+    data = dict(connection_info)
+    raw_extra_capabilities = data.pop("extra_capabilities", {})
+    if not isinstance(raw_extra_capabilities, dict):
+        raise ValueError("extra_capabilities must be an object")
+
+    config_values: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    for key in list(data):
+        if key in config_fields and key != "extra_capabilities":
+            config_values[key] = data.pop(key)
+
+    config = AndroidDriverConfig(
+        **config_values,
+        extra_capabilities={**raw_extra_capabilities, **data},
+    )
+    return lambda: AndroidDriver(config)
+
+
 SUPPORTED_DRIVER_TYPES: dict[str, DriverFactoryBuilder] = {
     "wda": build_wda_driver_factory,
+    "uiautomator2": build_android_driver_factory,
 }
 
 

openspec/changes/android-driver/tasks.md

@@ -4,36 +4,36 @@
 
 ## 2. Driver implementation
 
-- [ ] 2.1 Add `driver/android_driver.py` with `AndroidDriverConfig` (frozen dataclass): `server_url` (default `http://127.0.0.1:4723`), `platform_name` (default `"Android"`), `automation_name` (default `"UiAutomator2"`), `device_name`, `udid`, `system_port` (maps to the `appium:systemPort` capability), `no_reset` (default `True`), `extra_capabilities`.
-- [ ] 2.2 Implement `AndroidDriver(Driver).connect()`/`disconnect()` using `appium.webdriver` + `UiAutomator2Options`, building capabilities the same way `WDADriver.connect()` does, with the same `_require_client()` guard and `DeviceOfflineError` on connect failure.
-- [ ] 2.3 Implement `screenshot()`, `tree()`, `input()`, `launch()`, `terminate()`, `lock()`, `unlock()` using the same cross-platform Appium client methods `WDADriver` already uses (`get_screenshot_as_png`, `page_source`, `switch_to.active_element.send_keys`, `activate_app`, `terminate_app`, `lock`, `unlock`).
-- [ ] 2.4 Implement `tap()`, `swipe()`, `home()`:
+- [x] 2.1 Add `driver/android_driver.py` with `AndroidDriverConfig` (frozen dataclass): `server_url` (default `http://127.0.0.1:4723`), `platform_name` (default `"Android"`), `automation_name` (default `"UiAutomator2"`), `device_name`, `udid`, `system_port` (maps to the `appium:systemPort` capability), `no_reset` (default `True`), `extra_capabilities`.
+- [x] 2.2 Implement `AndroidDriver(Driver).connect()`/`disconnect()` using `appium.webdriver` + `UiAutomator2Options`, building capabilities the same way `WDADriver.connect()` does, with the same `_require_client()` guard and `DeviceOfflineError` on connect failure.
+- [x] 2.3 Implement `screenshot()`, `tree()`, `input()`, `launch()`, `terminate()`, `lock()`, `unlock()` using the same cross-platform Appium client methods `WDADriver` already uses (`get_screenshot_as_png`, `page_source`, `switch_to.active_element.send_keys`, `activate_app`, `terminate_app`, `lock`, `unlock`).
+- [x] 2.4 Implement `tap()`, `swipe()`, `home()`:
   - `tap(x, y)` → `execute_script("mobile: clickGesture", {"x": x, "y": y})`
   - `swipe(start_x, start_y, end_x, end_y, duration_ms)` → `execute_script("mobile: dragGesture", {"startX": start_x, "startY": start_y, "endX": end_x, "endY": end_y, "speed": speed})` where `speed = distance / (duration_ms / 1000)`, guarded against zero/near-zero distance
   - `home()` → `execute_script("mobile: pressKey", {"keycode": 3})` (`KeyEvent.KEYCODE_HOME`)
-- [ ] 2.5 Wrap every method's underlying exception into `DriverError` (`DeviceOfflineError` for connect failure and for calls made before a client exists), matching `WDADriver`'s try/except-per-method pattern exactly.
+- [x] 2.5 Wrap every method's underlying exception into `DriverError` (`DeviceOfflineError` for connect failure and for calls made before a client exists), matching `WDADriver`'s try/except-per-method pattern exactly.
 
 ## 3. Registry wiring
 
-- [ ] 3.1 Add `build_android_driver_factory` to `driver/registry.py`, mirroring `build_wda_driver_factory`'s logic for splitting `connection_info` into declared `AndroidDriverConfig` fields vs. `extra_capabilities`.
-- [ ] 3.2 Register `SUPPORTED_DRIVER_TYPES["uiautomator2"] = build_android_driver_factory`.
+- [x] 3.1 Add `build_android_driver_factory` to `driver/registry.py`, mirroring `build_wda_driver_factory`'s logic for splitting `connection_info` into declared `AndroidDriverConfig` fields vs. `extra_capabilities`.
+- [x] 3.2 Register `SUPPORTED_DRIVER_TYPES["uiautomator2"] = build_android_driver_factory`.
 
 ## 4. Unit tests
 
-- [ ] 4.1 Add mocked unit tests for `AndroidDriver` (mock `appium.webdriver.Remote`, no real device/emulator) covering: connect builds a client with the expected capabilities from a given `AndroidDriverConfig`; connect failure raises `DeviceOfflineError`; calling any operation before `connect()` raises `DeviceOfflineError`; each operation's underlying exception is wrapped into `DriverError`; `swipe()`'s `duration_ms` → `speed` conversion for both a normal case and a zero/near-zero-distance case (must not divide by zero).
-- [ ] 4.2 Add a unit test for `build_android_driver_factory` covering `connection_info` field extraction and `extra_capabilities` merging (mirror `build_wda_driver_factory`'s existing test coverage if any exists; if none exists today, note that in the test file rather than silently skipping equivalent WDA coverage).
+- [x] 4.1 Add mocked unit tests for `AndroidDriver` (mock `appium.webdriver.Remote`, no real device/emulator) covering: connect builds a client with the expected capabilities from a given `AndroidDriverConfig`; connect failure raises `DeviceOfflineError`; calling any operation before `connect()` raises `DeviceOfflineError`; each operation's underlying exception is wrapped into `DriverError`; `swipe()`'s `duration_ms` → `speed` conversion for both a normal case and a zero/near-zero-distance case (must not divide by zero).
+- [x] 4.2 Add a unit test for `build_android_driver_factory` covering `connection_info` field extraction and `extra_capabilities` merging (mirror `build_wda_driver_factory`'s existing test coverage if any exists; if none exists today, note that in the test file rather than silently skipping equivalent WDA coverage).
 
 ## 5. Integration test
 
-- [ ] 5.1 Add `tests/test_android_integration.py` mirroring `tests/test_wda_integration.py`'s structure: `@pytest.mark.integration`, `pytest.skip` when `APEX_ANDROID_SERVER_URL` is unset, optional `APEX_ANDROID_UDID`/`APEX_ANDROID_DEVICE_NAME`, connects and asserts a non-empty `screenshot()` before disconnecting.
+- [x] 5.1 Add `tests/test_android_integration.py` mirroring `tests/test_wda_integration.py`'s structure: `@pytest.mark.integration`, `pytest.skip` when `APEX_ANDROID_SERVER_URL` is unset, optional `APEX_ANDROID_UDID`/`APEX_ANDROID_DEVICE_NAME`, connects and asserts a non-empty `screenshot()` before disconnecting.
 
 ## 6. Spec and docs
 
-- [ ] 6.1 Confirm `openspec/changes/android-driver/specs/driver-registry/spec.md`'s `driver_type="uiautomator2"` scenario still matches the shipped registry key and behavior exactly; update the delta if anything changed during implementation (e.g. the system-port capability name).
-- [ ] 6.2 Correct `docs/MACOS_IPHONE_SETUP.md` §1: replace "Android 只是架构上的未来目标，当前 driver/registry.py 没有注册 Android Driver" with an accurate statement that the Android driver is registered, while a full real-device setup guide remains separate follow-up work.
+- [x] 6.1 Confirm `openspec/changes/android-driver/specs/driver-registry/spec.md`'s `driver_type="uiautomator2"` scenario still matches the shipped registry key and behavior exactly; update the delta if anything changed during implementation (e.g. the system-port capability name).
+- [x] 6.2 Correct `docs/MACOS_IPHONE_SETUP.md` §1: replace "Android 只是架构上的未来目标，当前 driver/registry.py 没有注册 Android Driver" with an accurate statement that the Android driver is registered, while a full real-device setup guide remains separate follow-up work.
 
 ## 7. Verification
 
-- [ ] 7.1 Run `uv run --all-packages pytest -m "not integration"` and confirm no regressions.
-- [ ] 7.2 Run the project's lint/format checks against the new files and fix any violations.
-- [ ] 7.3 Run `openspec validate android-driver --strict` and confirm it passes.
+- [x] 7.1 Run `uv run --all-packages pytest -m "not integration"` and confirm no regressions.
+- [x] 7.2 Run the project's lint/format checks against the new files and fix any violations.
+- [x] 7.3 Run `openspec validate android-driver --strict` and confirm it passes.

tests/test_android_driver.py

@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+"""Mocked unit tests for ``AndroidDriver`` and its registry factory.
+
+Coverage note: ``WDADriver`` has no mocked unit tests today (only the
+hardware-gated ``tests/test_wda_integration.py``). These Android tests are a
+deliberate quality-bar increase for the new driver, not parity work — there is
+no equivalent WDA coverage to mirror here.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+
+from core.errors import DeviceOfflineError, DriverError
+from driver.android_driver import AndroidDriver, AndroidDriverConfig
+from driver.registry import build_android_driver_factory
+
+
+def _connected_driver(config: AndroidDriverConfig | None = None) -> AndroidDriver:
+    """Return an ``AndroidDriver`` whose ``_client`` is a MagicMock.
+
+    Bypasses ``connect()`` so operation tests don't touch the Appium import
+    surface or network layer.
+    """
+    driver = AndroidDriver(config)
+    driver._client = MagicMock()
+    return driver
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# connect()
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+def test_connect_builds_client_with_expected_capabilities() -> None:
+    config = AndroidDriverConfig(
+        server_url="http://android-host:4723",
+        device_name="pixel-7",
+        udid="serial-abc",
+        system_port=8201,
+        extra_capabilities={"appPackage": "com.example"},
+    )
+
+    with patch("appium.webdriver.Remote") as mock_remote:
+        mock_remote.return_value = MagicMock(name="appium-client")
+        driver = AndroidDriver(config)
+        driver.connect()
+
+    assert mock_remote.called
+    kwargs = mock_remote.call_args.kwargs
+    caps = kwargs["options"].to_capabilities()
+    assert caps["platformName"] == "Android"
+    assert caps["appium:automationName"] == "UiAutomator2"
+    assert caps["appium:noReset"] is True
+    assert caps["appium:deviceName"] == "pixel-7"
+    assert caps["appium:udid"] == "serial-abc"
+    assert caps["appium:systemPort"] == 8201
+    assert caps["appium:appPackage"] == "com.example"
+    assert kwargs["client_config"].remote_server_addr == "http://android-host:4723"
+    assert driver._client is mock_remote.return_value
+
+
+def test_connect_omits_unset_optional_capabilities() -> None:
+    with patch("appium.webdriver.Remote") as mock_remote:
+        mock_remote.return_value = MagicMock()
+        AndroidDriver(AndroidDriverConfig()).connect()
+
+    caps = mock_remote.call_args.kwargs["options"].to_capabilities()
+    # Only the always-present caps should appear; device/udid/systemPort are
+    # all unset on the default config.
+    assert "appium:deviceName" not in caps
+    assert "appium:udid" not in caps
+    assert "appium:systemPort" not in caps
+
+
+def test_connect_failure_raises_device_offline_and_clears_client() -> None:
+    with patch("appium.webdriver.Remote") as mock_remote:
+        mock_remote.side_effect = ConnectionError("appium server unreachable")
+        driver = AndroidDriver(AndroidDriverConfig())
+        with pytest.raises(DeviceOfflineError):
+            driver.connect()
+
+    assert driver._client is None
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# Pre-connect guard
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "method,kwargs",
+    [
+        ("screenshot", {}),
+        ("tap", {"x": 10, "y": 20}),
+        ("swipe", {"start_x": 0, "start_y": 0, "end_x": 5, "end_y": 5}),
+        ("input", {"text": "hi"}),
+        ("launch", {"app_id": "com.example"}),
+        ("terminate", {"app_id": "com.example"}),
+        ("tree", {}),
+        ("home", {}),
+        ("lock", {}),
+        ("unlock", {}),
+        ("disconnect", {}),
+    ],
+)
+def test_operation_before_connect_raises_device_offline(
+    method: str, kwargs: dict
+) -> None:
+    driver = AndroidDriver()
+    with pytest.raises(DeviceOfflineError):
+        getattr(driver, method)(**kwargs)
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# Per-operation error wrapping
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+def test_screenshot_wraps_exception_into_driver_error() -> None:
+    driver = _connected_driver()
+    driver._client.get_screenshot_as_png.side_effect = RuntimeError("boom")
+    with pytest.raises(DriverError):
+        driver.screenshot()
+
+
+def test_tap_wraps_exception_into_driver_error() -> None:
+    driver = _connected_driver()
+    driver._client.execute_script.side_effect = RuntimeError("boom")
+    with pytest.raises(DriverError):
+        driver.tap(1, 2)
+
+
+def test_swipe_wraps_exception_into_driver_error() -> None:
+    driver = _connected_driver()
+    driver._client.execute_script.side_effect = RuntimeError("boom")
+    with pytest.raises(DriverError):
+        driver.swipe(0, 0, 10, 10)
+
+
+def test_input_wraps_exception_into_driver_error() -> None:
+    driver = _connected_driver()
+    driver._client.switch_to.active_element.send_keys.side_effect = RuntimeError("boom")
+    with pytest.raises(DriverError):
+        driver.input("text")
+
+
+def test_launch_wraps_exception_into_driver_error() -> None:
+    driver = _connected_driver()
+    driver._client.activate_app.side_effect = RuntimeError("boom")
+    with pytest.raises(DriverError):
+        driver.launch("com.example")
+
+
+def test_terminate_wraps_exception_into_driver_error() -> None:
+    driver = _connected_driver()
+    driver._client.terminate_app.side_effect = RuntimeError("boom")
+    with pytest.raises(DriverError):
+        driver.terminate("com.example")
+
+
+def test_tree_wraps_exception_into_driver_error() -> None:
+    # ``page_source`` is a property on the Selenium client; attribute access on
+    # a MagicMock returns a child mock (never raises), so use a minimal stand-in
+    # whose property raises to exercise the error-wrapping path.
+    class _FailingPageSource:
+        @property
+        def page_source(self) -> str:
+            raise RuntimeError("boom")
+
+    driver = AndroidDriver()
+    driver._client = _FailingPageSource()
+    with pytest.raises(DriverError):
+        driver.tree()
+
+
+def test_home_wraps_exception_into_driver_error() -> None:
+    driver = _connected_driver()
+    driver._client.execute_script.side_effect = RuntimeError("boom")
+    with pytest.raises(DriverError):
+        driver.home()
+
+
+def test_lock_wraps_exception_into_driver_error() -> None:
+    driver = _connected_driver()
+    driver._client.lock.side_effect = RuntimeError("boom")
+    with pytest.raises(DriverError):
+        driver.lock()
+
+
+def test_unlock_wraps_exception_into_driver_error() -> None:
+    driver = _connected_driver()
+    driver._client.unlock.side_effect = RuntimeError("boom")
+    with pytest.raises(DriverError):
+        driver.unlock()
+
+
+def test_disconnect_wraps_exception_and_clears_client() -> None:
+    driver = _connected_driver()
+    driver._client.quit.side_effect = RuntimeError("boom")
+    # disconnect() follows WDADriver's pattern: quit() error propagates only
+    # after the finally block clears _client. WDADriver does not wrap quit()
+    # failures into DriverError, so Android mirrors that exactly.
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+        driver.disconnect()
+    assert driver._client is None
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# tap / swipe / home command shape
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+def test_tap_uses_click_gesture() -> None:
+    driver = _connected_driver()
+    driver.tap(123, 456)
+    driver._client.execute_script.assert_called_once_with(
+        "mobile: clickGesture", {"x": 123, "y": 456}
+    )
+
+
+def test_home_uses_presskey_with_home_keycode() -> None:
+    driver = _connected_driver()
+    driver.home()
+    driver._client.execute_script.assert_called_once_with(
+        "mobile: pressKey", {"keycode": 3}
+    )
+
+
+def test_swipe_uses_drag_gesture_with_converted_speed() -> None:
+    driver = _connected_driver()
+    # 100px horizontal drag over 100ms => 100 / 0.1 = 1000 px/s
+    driver.swipe(0, 0, 100, 0, duration_ms=100)
+    driver._client.execute_script.assert_called_once_with(
+        "mobile: dragGesture",
+        {"startX": 0, "startY": 0, "endX": 100, "endY": 0, "speed": 1000},
+    )
+
+
+def test_swipe_zero_distance_uses_default_speed_without_div_by_zero() -> None:
+    driver = _connected_driver()
+    # start == end => zero distance; must not divide by zero.
+    driver.swipe(50, 50, 50, 50, duration_ms=500)
+    args = driver._client.execute_script.call_args.args[1]
+    assert args["speed"] > 0
+    assert args["speed"] == args["speed"]  # sanity: it's a positive int
+
+
+def test_swipe_near_zero_distance_uses_default_speed() -> None:
+    driver = _connected_driver()
+    # 0.5px distance over 500ms would be 1 px/s but distance < 1.0 guard fires.
+    driver.swipe(0, 0, 0, 0, duration_ms=500)
+    speed = driver._client.execute_script.call_args.args[1]["speed"]
+    assert speed > 0
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# build_android_driver_factory
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+def test_build_android_driver_factory_extracts_declared_fields() -> None:
+    connection_info = {
+        "server_url": "http://host:4723",
+        "udid": "device-serial",
+        "system_port": 8202,
+        "extra_capabilities": {"appPackage": "com.example.app"},
+    }
+    factory = build_android_driver_factory(connection_info)
+    driver = factory()
+    assert isinstance(driver, AndroidDriver)
+    assert driver.config.server_url == "http://host:4723"
+    assert driver.config.udid == "device-serial"
+    assert driver.config.system_port == 8202
+    assert driver.config.extra_capabilities == {"appPackage": "com.example.app"}
+
+
+def test_build_android_driver_factory_routes_unknown_keys_to_extra() -> None:
+    connection_info = {
+        "server_url": "http://host:4723",
+        "appWaitActivity": "MainActivity",  # not a declared config field
+        "autoGrantPermissions": True,  # not a declared config field
+    }
+    factory = build_android_driver_factory(connection_info)
+    driver = factory()
+    assert driver.config.extra_capabilities == {
+        "appWaitActivity": "MainActivity",
+        "autoGrantPermissions": True,
+    }
+
+
+def test_build_android_driver_factory_merges_inline_and_explicit_extras() -> None:
+    connection_info = {
+        "udid": "serial",
+        "extra_capabilities": {"a": 1},
+        "b": 2,  # inline extra
+    }
+    driver = build_android_driver_factory(connection_info)()
+    assert driver.config.udid == "serial"
+    assert driver.config.extra_capabilities == {"a": 1, "b": 2}
+
+
+def test_build_android_driver_factory_rejects_non_dict_extras() -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="extra_capabilities"):
+        build_android_driver_factory({"extra_capabilities": "not-a-dict"})

tests/test_android_integration.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+
+import pytest
+
+from driver.android_driver import AndroidDriver, AndroidDriverConfig
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+def test_android_driver_screenshot_against_real_device() -> None:
+    server_url = os.getenv("APEX_ANDROID_SERVER_URL")
+    if not server_url:
+        pytest.skip("set APEX_ANDROID_SERVER_URL to run Android hardware integration")
+
+    driver = AndroidDriver(
+        AndroidDriverConfig(
+            server_url=server_url,
+            udid=os.getenv("APEX_ANDROID_UDID") or None,
+            device_name=os.getenv("APEX_ANDROID_DEVICE_NAME") or None,
+        )
+    )
+    driver.connect()
+    try:
+        assert driver.screenshot()
+    finally:
+        driver.disconnect()